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【摘 要】英语的语态有主动和被动之分,两者之间关系的较好转换,可以收到意想不到的效果,但主动语态并非都能变为被动语态,笔者就此问题进行了分析.
【关 键 词 】英语 主动语态 被动语态 变换关系
【中图分类号】H319 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-4810（2014）04-0058-01
英语的语态有主动和被动之分.主动语态之所以能变为被动语态,是因为它的动词是一个及物动词,或者说是一个能接宾语的动词.是否所有的及物动词的主动语态都有其相应的被动语态,或者所有的及物动词的被动语态都是由主动语态变来的呢?情况并非完全如此.笔者试就主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况,总结如下.
一、由于宾语的性质,不能用被动语态
第一,当宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有主语的物主代词时,不能变为被动语态.例如：（1）John could see himself in the mirror.不能变为Himself could be seen in the mirror by John.（2）We could hardly see each other in the fog.不能变为Each other could hardly be seen in the fog by us.（3）The handsome,bold doctor shook his head.不能变为His head was shaken by the handsome, bold doctor.
第二,当不定式作宾语时,一般不能变为被动语态.例如：（1）John hoped to kiss her.不能说To kiss her was hoped by John.（2）I like to get up early.不能说To get up early is liked by me.
第三,当宾语是缺乏实义的代词it时,不能变为被动语态.（1）We will battle it out together.不能变为It will be battled out together by us.（2）No nation should lord it over other nations.不能变为It should be lorded over other nations by no nation.
二、由于某些动词的性质,不能变为被动语态
第一,徐立吾在其所著的A Practical Grammar of Contemporary English中写道：Some transitive verbs denoting state cannot be used in the passive.即“状态”动词不能用于被动语态.例如：（1）Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess.西尔维亚像个希腊女神.（不能说A Greek goddess is resembled by Sylvia.）（2）She possesses many good qualities.她有许多优秀品质.（不能说Many good qualities are possessed by her.）
第二,当某些动宾关系十分紧密,不可分割时,或有些动词后跟宾语,表示某种姿态或表情时,一般不能变为被动语态.例如：（1）The boy didn’t lose heart. 这孩子并没有丧失勇气.（2）She leaned her elbows on the table. 她把肘子靠在桌上.（3）He kept silence. 他保持沉默.（4）The little girl we helped bowed her gratitude. 我们帮助过的那个小女孩向我们鞠躬致谢.（5）She iled her agreement. 她微笑表示同意.
第三,一般来说,带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词变为被动语态时,既可将直接宾语也可将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语.例如：They ge me a book.他们给了我一本书.（可变为I was given a book.或者A book was given to me.）但也并非完全如此.如：He wrote her a letter.这个句子变为被动句时,就只能将直接宾语转化为主语,而且在保留的间接宾语前加上to,即此句只能变为：A letter was written to her.不能是She was written a letter.
三、某些介词动词构成的及物动词不能变为被动语态
某些由介词动词构成的及物动词,作转义解时有被动语态,作本义解时无被动语态.或者说当原宾语是抽象名词时可变为被动语态,而当宾语是具体名词时不能变为被动语态.试比较：如The engineers went very carefully into用the problem和The tunnel比较.（1）The problem was very carefully gone into by the engineers.（√）（2）The tunnel was very carefully gone into by the engineers.（×）
又如：They arrived at用the expected result和the splendid stadium比较.（1）The expected result was arrived at by them.（√）（2）The splendid stadium was arrived at by them.（×）
四、一些含有情态动词的主动句,不能变为被动句
第一,当can用作表示主语的“能力”而不是表示一种客观的“可能性”或表示“允许”时,不能用被动语态.如：I can do it myself.我能独立做这件事.该句的实际含义是I am able to do it或I am capable in doing it.“我有能力做某事”并不等于“某事有能力被我做”.所有此类句子不能简单地变为It can be done by me.如遇It can be done这样的句子时,应理解为：It’s possible to do it.做某件事是可能的.这与主语的能力无关.
第二,will作情态动词表示“愿意”,反映主语的“意向”.如：He will marry her.他愿意娶她.此句不能简单地变为：She will be married to him.因为如将He will marry her.变为She will be married to him时,应理解为“will”表示将来时,是助动词,即“她将嫁给他”,这句话的前提是：They decided to marry each other.
五、结束语
综上所述,英语的主动语态并非都能变为被动语态.在学习和运用语法基本规则的时候,不能简单地认为只要是及物动词,其主动语态就能变为被动语态.需要仔细分析“动词和宾语”之间的关系及其性质,找出其区别和差异.只有这样,才能灵活地掌握主动与被动之间的变换关系,以便更好地应用.