英语文年度,小学英语教学文评比的通知

本文是一篇参考文献论文范文,关于参考文献函授毕业论文,关于英语文年度,小学英语教学文评比的通知相关学年毕业论文范文。适合参考文献及数据库及大学学报方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及参考文献相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

英语专业毕业论文写作格式要求

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2.内封(英文)格式要求.等等等等等等等等等等等等3

3摘 要(中文)格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等4

4摘 要(英语)格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等5

5目录格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等等等.6

6论文装订顺序等要求等等等等等等等等等等等等.8

7正文及一级标题格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等.9

8二级标题及引文格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等...10

9标题格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等...14

10二级标题在页首及四级标题格式要求等等等等等等..等等...15

11参考文献格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等.17

12致谢格式要求等等等等等等等等等等等等等.21

论隐喻的运作机制

李小伟

总计:毕业论文26页

指导教师:张三

评阅人:李四

完成日期:2006年5月

IncorporatingCultureintoEnglishTeachinginMiddleSchools

AThesis

PresentedtotheCollegeofEnglish

DalianUniversity

ByLiXiaowei

InImpartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements

FortheDegreeof

BachelorofArtswithHonors

May2007

ThesisSupervisor:ProfessorYangHaiyan

摘 要

隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心.两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论.现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式.隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似.因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的.在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论.(大约200字左右)

关 键 词:隐喻,搭配,术语

(中文摘 要的内容和关 键 词应与英文摘 要相对应,关 键 词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)

***正文引文中涉及到中国作者有两种情况:1)在参考文献中,如果用英文表述中国作者及着作,Shen,Dan.StylisticsandTranslation.Beijing:PekingUP,1995.那么在正文中,引用原作者话之后要这样在括号里标注,例如,ProfessorShenwritesthatthestandardoffaithfulnessandaccuracyisnotonly"aprinciplefortranslatingbusinesscontracts,butanattitudeintranslation"(Shen191).(引文标注用汉语拼音).2)在参考文献中,如果用汉语表述中国作者及着作,袁振国.当代教育学[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002.那么在正文中,引用原作者话之后要这样在括号里标注,例如,EducatorYuanstatesthattheSocialEducationalModelwairstproposedbyGardnerandhiscolleaguesinearly1970'sandreformulatedin1985(袁振国116).(引文标注用汉语方块字).(此处引文为间接引文,故没有双引号).

Abstract

Themechaniofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasaparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.(中文摘 要的对应译文)

Keywords:metaphor,collocation,terms

(注意:关 键 词3-5个,字体要加粗,词与词之间用分号分开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写)

Contents

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Abstract等等等等等等等等等等等.等等.等等..ii

I.Introduction等等等等等等等等等等等等...等等..1

II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor等等等等等等...等等...2

2.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric等等等..等等.2

2.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical等等等.等等等.5

2.3TheStudyofMetaphorfromthe20thCenturytothePresent等等等.等..6

III.OnSimilarity等等等等等等等等等等等等等7

3.1Similarity:AFundamentalCriterionfortheClassificationofMetaphor等等..7

3.2SimilarityandCulture等等等等等等等等等等等.9

3.3SimilarityandCategory等等等等等.等等等等等等10

3.4TheRelationshipBetweenSimilarityandKnowledge等等等等等.13

IV.OntheMechaniofMetaphor等等等等等等.等等等...15

4.1Black'sInteractionTheory等等等等等等等等....................15

4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory等等等等等等等...15

4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory等等等等等等等16

4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory等等等等等等等...19

4.2.1ThePhilosophicalBasisofLakoffianTheory等等等等等...19

4.2.2LakoffianTheoryontheMechaniofMetaphor等等等等等21

4.2.3TheDeficienciesofLakoffianTheoryinExpoundingtheCreationofSimilarity等等等等.等等等等等等等等等...26

4.3ConceptualIntegrationTheory等等等等等等等等等.29

4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory等等等...等....29

4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces等等等.等等等...等等等..29

4.3.1.2ThreeProcessesofBT等等等..等等等..等等等..33

4.3.1.3OptimalityPrinciplesofBT等等.等等等等...等等.34

4.3.2TheAdvantagesofBTinSolvingtheParadoxoftheTwoFormerTheories等等等等等等等等等等等等等...34

4.3.2.1TheGenericMentalSpace等等等等等等.等...等...34

4.3.2.2TheBlendingSpaceandEmergentStructure等..等等..等...35

4.3.2.3TheOtherAdvantagesofBT等等等..等等..等等40

V.Conclusion等等等等等等等等等等.等等等等42

Bibliography等等等等等等等等等..等等等等等45

Acknowledgements等等等等等等等等等等等等46

论文装订顺序等要求:

页码起始从Introduction部分开始第1页,直到Acknowledgements结束,(包括Acknowledgements).

其装订顺序为:封面(学校印刷厂负责印刷学校统一封面)→内封页(中文)→内封页(英文)→中文摘 要→英文摘 要→目录→正文(如果有注释,可以加在当前页下脚或者放在本章节后面)→参考文献→致谢

(论文打印用A4纸)

页眉:4.5cm,小五,TimesNewRoman,下划线

页脚:1.8cm

注:Bibliography和Acknowledgement上面不加页眉

(详见论文样本)

I.Introduction

Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechaniofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle'sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian'sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretationforceofthesetheoriesisverylimited.In1936,I.A.RichardsputforwardInteractionTheory.LaterMaxBlackmadeanelaborationoftheworkofhis.InteractionTheoryclaimsthatmetaphorisacognitivelyirreduciblephenomenonthatworksnotatthelevelofwordbination,butmuchdeeper,arisingoutoftheinteractionbetweentheconceptualstructuresunderlyingthewords.ButtheoneswhoreallyturnthestudyofmetaphortoanewpageareGeeLakoffandMarkJohnson.ThemarkofthischangeisthepublicationofthebooknamedMetaphorsWeLiveBy.ThetheoryofLakoffandJohnson'sisConceptualMetaphorTheory.Asthesescholarsregardmetaphorasthecreationofsimilarity,theirtheoriesconcentrateonhowthesimilarityiscreatedandhowthenewmeaningisproducedthoughtheirinterpretationsarenotperfect.Recently,anothertheoryappeared—ConceptualIntegrationTheoryorBlendingTheory.Comparativelyspeaking,itioreconvincingonthemechaniofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,此部分字数最少不少于300字)

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II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor

2.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric

AndrewOrtony,oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat"AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle"(Ortony3).(此处指引文来源:作者页码)

InPoetics,Aristotleexpoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefineetaphoras"theapplicationofanaliennamebytranerenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion"(Aristotle71).Thenhegiveourkindsofmetaphor:

Since'lyingatanchor'isaspeciesofthegenus'lying',onecansay'therelieyship'(genus-to-specieetaphor),since'tenthousand'isaspeciesofa'largenumber',onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genuetaphor).Since'tod

本文是一篇参考文献论文范文,关于参考文献函授毕业论文,关于英语文年度,小学英语教学文评比的通知相关学年毕业论文范文。适合参考文献及数据库及大学学报方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及参考文献相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword"iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered"(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifieetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandierelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay1).AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:

Thegreatestthingbyfaristoheamandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother,itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances(Aristotle72).

AsHawkswritesaboutAristotle'saccountofmetaphor:

Itisabundantlyclearthat,asanentityinitself,metaphorisregardedasadecorativeadditiontolanguage,tobeusedinspecificways,andatspecifictimesandplaces(ibid.8-9).

InRhetoric,(书名下划线)Aristotlesaysthatthebestmetaphorsarethosethatachievetheeffectofbringingthingsvividlybeforetheeyesoftheaudience.Hearguesthatthiseffectis"producedbywordswhichrefertothingsinaction"(ibid.92-93)."Thebestimageinvolvesametaphor"(ibid.96).Fromtheabovestatements,weknowthatAristotleviewetaphorasarhetoricaldeviceandanembellishmentoflanguage.Finallyheestablisheshistheoryonmetaphor—ComparisonTheory.Itistheearliesttheoryinthehistoryofthestudyofmetaphor.Itaingistis:

1Metaphorsaremattersoflanguageandnotmattersofthoughtoraction.Thereisnosuchthingaetaphoricalthoughtoraction.

2Ametaphoroftheform"AisB"isalinguisticexpressionwhosemeaningisthesameasacorrespondinglinguisticexpressionoftheform"AislikeB,inrespectX,Y,Z等""RespectsX,Y,Z等"characterizewhatwehecalled"isolatedsimilarities".

3Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan'tcreatesimilarities(Lakoff&,Johnson1980:153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的着作,应加上出版年代以示区别)

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III.OnSimilarity

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IV.OntheMechaniofMetaphor

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4.1Black'sInteractionTheory(章内每节标号及标题左起顶格,四号字,加粗,前后空一行为小四号字.如在页首则其前不空行,但其后空行)

4.1.1IntroductiontoInteractionTheory

InteractionTheorywasoriginatedfromI.A.Richards'theory.Inhisdefinitionhesays:"Inthesimplestformulation,whenweuseametaphorwehetwothoughtsofdifferentthingsactivetogetherandsupportedbyasingleword,orphrase,whosemeaningisaresultantoftheirinteraction"(Richard89).Themostimportantinthisdefinitionis"twoactivethoughtsinteractwitheachother."Hefirstprovidedthebasicterminologyandconceptualframeworkfordiscussingmetaphor.Hearguedthatmetaphorconsistsoftwoterms,thetenor,ortopic,andthevehicle,andthe

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4.3TheConceptualIntegrationTheory

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4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory

ConceptualIntegrationTheorywasproposedbyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner等等等等等等等等等等等等等

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4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces

InBT,thebasisunitofcognitiveanizationisnotthedomainbutthementalspaces,whichareapartialandtemporaryrepresentationalstructurethatspeakersconstructwhenthinkingortalkingaboutaperceived,imagined,past,present等等等等等等等等等

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V.Conclusion

Thestudyofmetaphoris,inessence,thestudyofhowmetaphorworks.Itisthenucleusofmetaphorstudy.Modernscholarsdiscardtheperspectivethatmetaphorisadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage,andclaimthatmetaphorisofcognitionandisomnipresent,itisawayofhumanthinking.Moreover,theyholdthatmetaphorcreatessimilarityinsteadofparingtwothingswhicharebasedonthepreexistingsimilarity.Hence,themechaniofmetaphoristointerprethowsimilarityiscreated.Black'stheoryandLakoffiantheory,duetosomedefectsanddeficiencies,arenotabletogiveacleardescriptionofthecreationofsimilarity.Theyendeortoexpoundtheappearanceofanewstructureafteranovelmetaphor,buttheyfailtodothatandresultin"isomorphi".

Themechaniofmetaphorissophisticated.Itisaresultofvariouactors.Interacting,projectingandblendingconstitutetheprocess.ItisobviousthatBT,onthebasisofthetwoabove-mentionedtheories,focusesonsolvingtheproblemofthe"isomorphi"-structure.Tooidmittingthesamemistakethatalltheknowledge,thefeatureappedfromthesourcedomainandthestructure(topology)ofthetargetdomainareinterwoven等.

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Aiken,Conrad."WilliamFaulkner:TheNovelasForm."FrederickJ.HoffmanandOlgaW.Vickery.Eds.WilliamFaulkner:ThreeDecadesofCritici.EastLansing:MichiganStateUP,1960.

Barker,DeborahE.,andIvoKamps."MuchAdoaboutNothing:LanguageandDesireinTheSoundandtheFury."MississippiQuarterly:TheJournalofSouthernCulture.46.3(Summer1993):373-93.

Bleikasten,Andre.Faulkner'sAsILayDying.Bloomington:IndianaUP,1973.

Carter,Ronald,ed.LanguageandLiterature:AnIntroductoryReaderinStylistics.London:GeeAllen&,Unwin,1982.

——.LiteraryTextandLanguageStudy.London:EdwardArnold,1982.

Faulkner,William.Absalom,Absalom！NewYork:TheModernLibrary,1936.

——.FaulkneratNagano.RobertA.Jeliffe,ed.Tokyo:Kenyusha,1956.

——.TheSou

本文是一篇参考文献论文范文,关于参考文献函授毕业论文,关于英语文年度,小学英语教学文评比的通知相关学年毕业论文范文。适合参考文献及数据库及大学学报方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及参考文献相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

Hellstrom,Gustaf."PresentationSpeech."20Jan2003.

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Kinney,Arthur."TeachingNarrativeasMeaningin'AJustice'andTheSoundandtheFury."ApproachestoTeachingFaulkner'sTheSoundandtheFury.Eds.StephenHahnandArthurF.Kinney.NewYork:MLA,1996,140-43.

Leech,G.N.1969.ALinguisticGuidetoEnglishPoetry.Longman.RptinBeijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2001.

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