本文是一篇开题报告论文范文,关于开题报告类毕业论文格式模板,关于厦门大学EMBA毕业文,买计算机毕业文厦门相关毕业论文题目范文。适合开题报告及图书馆及计算机方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及开题报告相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。
YangtzeUniversityCollegeofArtsandSciences
毕业论文
题目名称:英汉思维差异对翻译的影响
题目类型:研究论文
学生姓名:张三
系部:外国语系
专业班级:英韩5112班
指导教师:韩翠萍
时间:2016年10月16日~2016年5月16日
TheEffectofThinkingModesonTranslationBetweenEnglishandChinese
AThesis
PresentedtotheFacultyofForeignStudies
YangtzeUniversityCollegeofArtsandSciences
ByZhangSan
InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
FortheDegreeof
BachelorofArts
May2016
Supervisor:HanCuiping
目录
任务书I
开题报告Ⅱ
指导教师评审意见Ⅲ
评阅教师评语Ⅳ
答辩会议记录Ⅴ
英文摘 要Ⅵ
中文摘 要Ⅶ
正文目录Ⅷ
论文正文1
本文是一篇开题报告论文范文,关于开题报告类毕业论文格式模板,关于厦门大学EMBA毕业文,买计算机毕业文厦门相关毕业论文题目范文。适合开题报告及图书馆及计算机方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及开题报告相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。
77;明显的模糊性.而英国人的思维方式则重理性与分析性,注重对客体的临摹与再现,所以其思维呈直线状态,具有精确性的特点,强调严谨的外在形式的融合等.当然不同的学者也从其他方面进行了分类.这些思维方式在两个民族的语言上也有充分的体现,从词汇,句法,语义,语法和文体上分别呈现了明显的差异.对这些差异的忽视往往导致中英翻译中出现各种错误,如过于拘泥于原文的字面,忽略两种语言的句法特征,忽略不同的视角和文体特色,或者由于句法差异而导致在目的语的累赘表述等.为了避免上述问题,通常要有充分的文化背景知识,然后采取转换翻译策略,包括词类,词义,句法结构等的转换,同时也可以采取临摹翻译法和反向翻译法等策略.由此可见,思维方式的差异对翻译质量的影响不容忽视,必须采取相应的策略,以提高翻译质量.(400-450字)
[关 键 词]中英思维方式,差异,语言表现,翻译策略
(摘 要和关 键 词应充分反映和概括论文的精神,并与英文摘 要相对应,关 键 词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)
Contents
IIntroduction1
IILiteratureReview2
2.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor—aDeviceofRhetoric2
2.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorica5
2.3TheStudyofMetaphorFromthe20thCenturytothePresent6
IIIOnSimilarity7
VIOntheMechaniofMetaphor15
4.1Black'sInteractiontheory15
4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory15
4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory16
4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory19
4.2.1ThePhilosophicalBasisoflakoffianTheory19
4.2.2LakoffianTheoryontheMechaniofMetaphor21
4.3ConceptualIntegrationTheory29
4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory29
4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces29
4.3.1.2ThreeProcessesofBT33
4.3.1.3OptimalityPrinciplesofBT34
4.3.2TheAdvantagesofBTinSolvingtheParadoxofFormerTheories34
4.3.2.1TheGenericMentalSpace34
4.3.2.2TheBlendingSpaceandEmergentStructure35
4.3.2.3TheOtherAdvantagesofBT40
VConclusion42
Bibliography45
Acknowledgements46
(本目录仅为格式模板.实际目录请确保内容和页码与正文完全相符.
目录格式说明:
大标题:三号,TimesNewRoman,加粗,居中
一级标题:小四,TimesNewRoman,不加粗,不缩进
二级标题:小四,TimesNewRoman,不加粗,缩进一个字母
标题:小四,TimesNewRoman,不加粗,缩进约3个字母
四级标题:小四,TimesNewRoman,不加粗,缩进约6个字母)
论文各级标题大小写原则
各级标题保持一致,各个单词的首字母符合大写原则的话都大写.
1.题目的第一个单词首字母要大写,
2.冠词首字母都不需要大写,
3.字母多于三个(不含三个)的介词,连词首字母要大写,
4.名词,动词,形容词,副词,代词,感叹词首字母要大写,
5.大写所有英语中要求大写的单词.如月份,人名,地名等等.
这几条原则的优先性是递减的,也就是说,如果几条原则之间出现了矛盾的情况,应优先实用前面的原则.如:如果题目的第一个单词是冠词或不多于二个字母的介词时也应该大写.
IIntroduction
Languagebynatureistheembodimentofhumanthoughtsandthoughtsinturnisthementalreflectionoftheworldaroundusonbasisofsomeanalysis,generalization,judgmentandreasoning.Animalshethoughtsaswell,buttheirawkwardsoundormunicationarefarfrombeinglanguage.Languageisthereforecloselyrelatedtoandsupportedbyhumanthoughts.Thatistosay,languagehasnobasioritsexistenceifthereisnothought.Butthoughts,thoughaccessiblebyvarioueans,arebestrepresentedinlanguageandcanthusbestfulfillitsobligationstothespeakersbysuchmeans.Languageasanarbitrary,phoicandmorphologicsemioticandaudiosystemofmunication,haslongdefinedashumanandisthusthemostconvincingdistinctivefeaturesofhumanbeingromanimals.
Thethinkingpatternsareoneofthemostimportantcuesinculture.Itiscloselyrelatedtoculturesandembodiesthecharacteristicsofculturalpsychology.Besides,themodesofthinkingalsoarecloselyrelatedtolanguage.Differentmodesofthinkingareembodiedinlanguage.
(i)Therelationshipamonglanguage,cultureandthought
Languageispartofculture.SuchasChineselanguageispartofChineseculture.Eachcountryhasitsownlanguageinaspecificculture.However,theirrelationshipisnotjustbetweenpartandwhole.Languageisthecarrierandcontainedofculture,aanyaspectsofculturecanbeexpressedinlanguage.Asamirrorofculture,languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Inall,languageandculturearecloselyrelated,eachinfluencesandshapestheother.
Languageisaninstrumentusedinthemunicationofthought.Itiscloselyrelatedtothought,too.Itrepresentsthoughtandisinfluencedbythought.Inturn,thoughtisinfluencedbylanguage.Inaddition,thoughtisdeterminedbyculturalvalue.Theirrelationshipswitheachotherseemmoreplex.Inaword,eachoftheminfluencesandshapesothers.Theyareseenasthreepartsofawhole.
(ii)DifferentwaysofthinkingbetweenChineseandWestern
"Thewaysofthinkingisquitedifferent,actually,peopleliveincertainareahetheirownwayofthinking.Itconnectstovariouskindsoffactors,suchasgeography,history,nationandsoon.Thewaysofthinkingaretheimportantreasonofculturaldifference.Itincludesknowledge,concepts,methods,languageandcustomandsoon."(DengYanchang:1997,483)Thesefactorsinfluenceeachother,whichledtodifferentwaysofthinking.Therefore,thewaysofthinkinghetheirowncharacteristics,likegeographycharacteristics,socialcharacteristicsandnationalcharacteristics,etc.Accordingtogeographycharacteristics,itcanbedividedintoHannation,EnglishandAmericannation,etc.HerewewillmakeaparisononChineseandWesternwaysofthinking.
"Thedifferentwaysofthinkinginfactarethereflectionofculturaldifference.Peoplewholiveindifferentareaoralongtimehedifferentculturalcharacteristics,therefore,theirwaysofthinkingaredifferent."(ibid484)
Undertheinfluenceofdifferentgeographyenvironments,lifestyles,customsanddifferentculturalvalues,theEastandWestaredifferentfromwaysofthinking.Letusexaminesomephenomena:
Inthecollege,aforeignteacheristeachinginaclass,heistalkativeandexpressive.Everyonelistenstohiminterestingly.Suddenly,hestopsandasksthemaquestion.However,thestudentsdon'tknowhowtoanswer,theydon'ttelltheanswers.Theteachergotalittleangrybuthehadnoideaontheirbehior.ThissceneoftenhappensinChineseclassroom.Intheforeigners'eyes,theyconsiderthatkeepingsilentisnotagoodwaywhenwecontactwithothers.Evenyoudon'tunderstand,youshouldsaysomethinginsteadofkeepingsilent,asitoftenisregardedasrudeandimpolite.
ThereasonliesinthattheEastandtheWestheadifferentwayofthinking.TheEasternpeopleareconservative,introvertandinactive,theyputmoreemphasisonharmony,andtheylikemonandstablelife,whiletheWesternpeoplearemoreopen-minded,extrovertandactive,theylikechangeablelifeandthustheyemphasizeonpetition.Inthisway,theirdifferentwaysofthinkingleadtotheirdifferentunderstandingoneachother'sbehior.IfChineseseesomebodyistalkative,theycouldthinkheorshewantstoextenthimselforherselftobethefocusofeveryone.
InChina,weseldomseeacouplemakingclosecontactinpublic.Theyarealwayswalkingsidebysideinacertaindistance.WhileintheWest,thecouplewillopentothepublic,theyarefreetoshowthattheyareacouple.Eventheymeettheacquaintances,theyalwaysgivethemahugorkissasgreeting.Controversially,Chinesewillshakehandswiththeirfriendsbutseldomhugthem.Theydon'tkissthemastheyregarditasanintimateactionbetweenhusbandandwife.
ThereasonwhytheeastandthewestpeoplebehesodifferentlyisthatpeopleliveintheEastemphasizeonethicprincipal,morality,theyfocusondirectfeelingandimage.Thewesterner
本文是一篇开题报告论文范文,关于开题报告类毕业论文格式模板,关于厦门大学EMBA毕业文,买计算机毕业文厦门相关毕业论文题目范文。适合开题报告及图书馆及计算机方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及开题报告相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。
ocusonfreedom,democracyandemphasizeonindividual.Inall,Chinesetraditionalwayofthinkinghasitsowncharacteristics.Itemphasizesthemorality,harmonyofthesociety,itpromotesthecollectivi,responsibilityanddevotionandsoon.Thewesternwayofthinkingalsohasitsowncharacteristics.Itemphasizesonlogicandscience,individualachievement,itpromoteshumanright,equalityandsoon.
ThegreatgeographicdistancebetweentheBritishandtheChinesepeoples,togetherwiththeacpanyingdifferentlivingconditionsandculturalenvironments,hauchaccountedforthediverseconceptualpatternsofthetwonations.Suchconceptualdifferenceshebeendulyreflectedinandshedgreatinfluenceonthetwolanguages.Translationbetweenthetwolanguagesisconsequentlyfarbeyondlinguisticrendering,butmoreofculturaltranerringandexchangeofconceptualpatterns.IILiteratureReview
AccordingtoJiaDejiang,"thinkingpatterns,thoughtcharacteristicsandthinkingstylesarethephilosophicalmechanioflanguageproduction.Languageactuallyattachescloselytothethoughtthatistheprofoundmechani."(JiaDeJiang:2002,166)Thinkingpatternsarethedeep-rootedmechaniintheformulationanddevelopmentoflanguage,whichinturnpromotesthespecialtiesincertainconceptualpatterns.Languageisthecarrierofreflectionandabstractionofreality,andmodeofthoughtistheconsciousactivitywhenpeoplereflectandrecognizetheobjectivereality.Thedifferencesbetweenthinkingpatternsarethemainreasonsthatresultinthedifferencesoflanguageforms,sothestudyofthetransitionbetweendifferentlanguagesshouldbeginwiththestudyofmodesofthoughtincloseconnectionwiththeculturesandthelanguages.
Anotherwell-recognizedChineselinguisticscholarLiuMiqinghasofferedapparentlydifferentbutessentiallysimilarremarksontherelationsbetweenlanguageandthought.Hisstandingisthatmodesofthoughthascontrolledoverlanguages(ibid.35),andthatlanguagesaretheconcretemanifestationofmodesofthought.
English-Chinesemodesofthoughthetheirowncharacteristicsinthinkingcore,thinkingpattern,cognitionhabitsandthinkingprinciples.AsatoolformunicationthebasicattributeofEnglishandChinesearethesame.Butbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheirowncultures,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwo.TheEnglishindividualiandtheChineseentirety,hypotaxisasagainstparataxis,aspassivevs.active,staticvs.dynamic,andimpersonalvs.personal,helongbeenrecognizedasthemostdistinctivefeaturesofthetwoconceptualpatternswhicharejustifiedbytheapparentlydifferentculturesandlivingmethods.AsEugeneNidaonceputsit,themostimportantdifferentcharacteristicbetweenChineseandEnglishisthedifferenceofparataxisandhypotaxis.(ZhangSijie&,ZhangBoran:13)LiuMiqingholdstheopinionthathypotaxisandparataxisarethe"uniquecharacteristic"forEnglishandChinese.(ibid.13)Conceptualpattern,ormodeofthought,iseryplicatedabstractconceptionconnectedcloselytophilosophy.Englishpeoplepreferindividuali,whichleadtotheirsubordinatingtherecognizedobjectsintoallparts.WhileChinesepeoplelikeentirety,theyprefertotaketheworldasawhole.Thinkingpatternshebeenclearlyreflectedonlanguages,asaresultofwhichEnglishishypotacticandChineseisparatactic.
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword"iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered"(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifieetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandierelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay,1965:1).AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:
Thegreatestthingbyfaristoheamandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother,itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances(Aristotle,1890:72).
R.KaplanfoundthatintheirEnglishwritingEnglishlearnersofdifferentnationsshownationaltendenciesinaccuratecorrespondencewiththeirnativetongueandnationalthinkingpatterns.Forinstance,theChineseandtheKoreanlearnersarespiralwhilethenativeEnglishlearnersaremorestraightforward,andthoseofLatin(FrenchandSpanish)culturalbackgroundaretortuousinapproachingthetheme,theRussianstendtobeparallelandsegmentalandthoseofArabianandHebrewdisplayparallelthinkingmodes.Inthisaspect,aChinesescholarZhangDaishaninhisChineseThinkingTendencies(Zhangandel:xxx,xx)summarizesthedifferencesbetweentheEnglishandtheChineseinthreeaspects:unitvs.opposite,integrityandanicvs.concreteandmechanicalaswellascirculativevs.straightforward,withtheformercharacteristicoftheChinesewhilethelattertypicaloftheEnglish.TheyholdthattheChinesearecharacterizedintheirthinkingpatternsbytheirintrospection,pursueofsimilarity,circulation,stabilizationandvisualrepresentation.AnotherChinesescholarZhangGuangminginhisConceptualThinkinginTranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese(ZhangGuangming,xxx,xx)concludesthatsuchdifferencesarebestdisplayedinfouraspects,e.g.linguisticconcept,prehensionvs.reasoning,prehensivevs.analyticandunityvs.oppositeness.LianShunenginhisessay"OntheThinkingPatternsoftheChineseandtheWesterners"developsthedifferencesintotenaspects.(LianShuneng:xxx,xx)
AccordingtoRongKaiming(1989,30),thinkingmodesrefersto"anestablishedsystemofthinkingpatterns,thinkingmethodsandthinkingproceduresofthesubjectintheirreflectionoftheobjectiveworld."Thoughtisaintrinsicprocessofhumanbrainsinunderstandingandmemorizingthephysicalaswellasnon-physicalworldthatwelivein,andisaspecialanicfunctionofthebrain.Thecloseinterrelationbetweenlanguageandthoughtfurtherdenotesthelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentnationsastherealizationoftheirthinkingmodesorconceptualmodes.Thereforedifferentlanguagesofdifferentnationscanwellexplaintheirdifferentthinkingmodes.AsFuLeionceputit,"等theEasternersareessentiallydifferentfromtheWesternersintheirthinkingmodes.TheEasternerstendtobegeneral,inductive,implicitanddenotativewhiletheWesternersaremoreanalytic,intricateanddetailedanddescriptive.Thetwomentalitiescanhardlybebined.(FuLei:xxx,521).Inthissense,translationbetweenEnglishandChineseisapparentlyalinguistictransitionbutessentiallymentaltranerringbetweentwothinkingmodes.Toomuchpracticeheprovedthatsuchtranerringofthinkingmodesarenotonlynecessaryandapplicablebutalsoanefficientmeanstopursuequalitytranslation.
Sofarmuchhasbeendoneandsaidontheinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandmodesofthought(orconceptualpatterns,aspreferredinthepresentthesis).ThemostoutstandingisSapir-Whorfhypothesis.Muchcriticizedthough,the
本文是一篇开题报告论文范文,关于开题报告类毕业论文格式模板,关于厦门大学EMBA毕业文,买计算机毕业文厦门相关毕业论文题目范文。适合开题报告及图书馆及计算机方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及开题报告相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。
hypothesisioretrustworthyinthatitoffersanewinsightintotheinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.Itsstronersion,theso-called"languagerelativity",holdsthatlanguagehasdeterminingeffectsonmodesofthought,whichiormedrelativelytolanguagesanddifferentlanguageswillbringondifferentthinkingpatterns(ZhaoXia&,XuRuifeng:xxx,35)isstillmoreoftenthannotatopicofdebateinthelinguisticmunitywhichconvincinglyprovesitarking-stonesignificanceinlanguagestudy.(2004,xxx)differencesamongscholars'attitudesorclassificationofthethinkingpatternsbetweenthetwonationsarenotessentiallydiversifiedbutratherlieinthedegreeofdetailedtypology.Actually,theissuecanbeapproachedandconsideredfromvariousviewpoints.Herearebutafewinstanceorillustration.
3.1DifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglishThinkingPatterns
3.1.1VisualThinkins.RationalThinking,
Thevisualizedthinkingmode,orempiricalsynthesizesthinkingpatternasZhengYanhong(ZhengYanhong,2003,xx)putsit,establishestheessentialdifferencebetweentheChineseandtheEnglishnationwhoforstherationalanalyticthinkingmodes.TheChineseisperceptualintheirprehensivethought,buttheEnglishandotherWesternnationslayhedevelopedtheirownrationalandanalyticthinkingmodes.Intheempiricalprehensivethinking,thehumanandthenature(includingsociety)areconsideredasananicwhole,withthe"beautygathers"(ortheunionofheenandhuman)asitsbasiccharacteristic.Thedoctrineof"yinandyangasone"(or"masculineandfeminineelementsinonebody")intheChinesephilosophy,notdenyingtheoppositionthough,laysgreateremphasisontheaspectofunity.ButtheseparationofGodandhuman(ortheisolationoftheheenlyfromtheearthly)intheEnglishandtheWesternersphilosophystressestheoppositionaspectthoughnotobviouslydenyingtheunity.Suchdifferencehasbeentypicalofthetwodifferentthinkingmodes.TheChinesestressesthewholeandabstract,andtheWesternersstresstheponentsandthespecific,theChineseforssynthesiswhilethewesternersanalysis.Forinstance,whentalkingabouttime,theChinesealwaysstartfromgeneralunitsandmoveontoallerunits,buttheEnglishisopposite,andthisisalsotrueoftheirexpressionoflocations.Evenintheiracquaintanceintroduction,theChinesewouldlistthetitles(whole)first(fromthehighertothelower)beforereferringtothespecificnames(individual),buttheEnglishwouldannouncethespecificnamefirst(individual),thenlistasuccessionofdutieromthelowertothehigher.
Thewesterners,esp.theEnglish,hebeenaccustomedtofuzzythinkingsincetheancientagesunderthephilosophicaldoctrinesoftheancientGreekandRomanthinkers.Insuchphilosophicalconcept,logicandformaltestimonyisthechiefconcernandconcepts,judgmentandreasoningdominatethethinkingproceduresandthusgreatemphasishasbeenlaidontheobscurereflectionontheworldaroundus.That'swhyvariousconcepts,methodsandprinciplesaboundinwesternphilosophyandessays.
TheChinese,ontheotherhand,seemmoreforiteofconcreteimagesandtendtoreflectontheworldfromtheviewpointofspecificobjects.Theywouldratherdescribetheobjectstogeneralizedprinciplesandinspirations.ThattogreatextentaccountortheimagethinkingmodesoftheChinese.E.g.
S1a.Butthisveryformulationisindicativeoftheunderstandingattitude.
S1b.但这一说法本身就清楚地表明了其基本态度.
S2a.Hiswearinessandincreasingheatdeterminedhimtositdowninthefirstconvenientshade.
S2b.他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越炎热,于是他下定决心一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息.
S3a.Shortnessoftimehasrequiredtheomissionofsomecountries.
S3b.由于时间不够,他取消了对某些国家的访问.
IntheabovespecimenofS1a,S2aandS3a,,thesubjectsarenotanypersonorobjectbutrathersomestateorconceptsalthoughthesentencesaremoreperson-oriented.YetintheChineseversion,thepersonsconcernedareusedasthesubjectstodirectlyrevealthespeaker'sconcern.
EvenwhentheChinesemeanstoexpresssomeattitudeorimpression,theymaynotstateitdirectlybutratherusemetaphororindicationsbymeansofsomespecificimages.E.g.
S4a.Hehadsacrificedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecision.
S4b.在决策过程中,他已经不那么抛头露面了.
S5a.我的心里七上八下的.
*S5b.Therearesevenupsandeightdownsinmyheart
S5c.Mymindisgreatlyupset.
Theconceptof"visibility"inS4aisreplacedbytheimageexpressionof"抛头露面"inS4binwhich"头"(head)and"面"(face)areusedtoshowhispresenceorvisibilityintheoccasions.InS5aandS5b,thespecificnumbersof"七"(seven)and"八"(eight)intheChinesearereplaceby"upset"inEnglishbecausetheChinesephrase"七上八下"justusethetwonumberstovividlydescribethegetchaosinthespeaker'ind.YetS5b,thedirectrenderingsoundratherconfusingtoEnglishreadersaewofthemcanunderstandwhytherearesuchthingsas"sevenupsandeightdowns"inaperson'ind.
Suchinstancesarejustabundantinourdailyspeech,nottomentionthenumerousclassicessaysandliterarymasterpiecesandESTpapers.
3.1.2GeneralizingThinkins.AnalyticalThinking
ThedifferencesofphilosophyandculturalbackgroundbetweenEnglishandChineseheresultedintherethinkingoftheHannationalityasanentiretythinkingcountryandtheEnglishpeopleindividualcharacteristicsofthinking.
TheChinesepeopleareconcernedmorewiththeirownbodiesinexpressingemotions,sointuitionthinkingisthemainfeatureoftheirmodeofthought,forwhichpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Chinesephilosophyissystematicalnaturali.(MaoGuirong:xxx)
IntheEnglishthinkingpattern,individualiisgreatlyemphasized.TheEnglishpeoplelinktheirownemotiontoplaaryinfluenceandthenaturalelements,sotheypreferanalyticallogicthinking.Targetobjectsaresubordinatedintoallpartsinordertobescrutinized,which,ofcourse,mayleadthemtoplacetheponentsbeforethewholewhentheytrytoknowsomething.(ibid.420)
Fromthehistoricalviewpoint,wecaneasilyfindthattheHannationalityhaslongestablishedsuchthinkingmodesevensincetheancientages.TheBookofChangesputforwardtheframeworkforthetheoryofentiretywhichconsidersthenaturalphenomenonandthehumanaffairsasawhole.That'swhythebookproposestopredicthumanfortunesbyyinandyangpolesconsistingoftheeight(andlaterfurtherdevelopedintosix-four)gua(divinatorysymbols)system.Suchadoctrinewaslaterperfectedbydaoiinitschaoticandpurestatus,bytaijiinitsdaoandreasoning,andthenbymetaphysics,Buddhi,andbyrationalioftheSongDynasty.That'swhyintheChineselanguage,sensehasalwaysbeenthedominatorwhiletheexpressionformshasbeenmuchneglected.ButtheWesterners,esp.theBritishnationhasalwaysstressedanalysisandrationalityintheirthinking.Intheirminds,individualiistheprimeconcernandisalwaysdependent,whichhasresultedintheirdualisticphilosophy.Followingsuchperceptions,materialsandspiritsareseparated,justlikehumanandnature,contentandform.SuchthinkingmodescandatebacktoDecartes'conceptionelementaliandlaststoRussell'slogicalelementali,whichhasgreatlycontributedtothetypologiesinnaturalsciencesinthelate1500sEuropewhichtendstosegmentthenatureandallobjectstotheinfiniteallerunits.Inmodernlinguistics,theICanalysishascutourlanguagetomorpheme.
S6a:尽管她很年轻,但她懂的东西比你多.
S6b:Youngassheis,sheknoworethanyou.
S6c:Thoughsheisyoung,sheknoworethanyouknow.
S7a
本文是一篇开题报告论文范文,关于开题报告类毕业论文格式模板,关于厦门大学EMBA毕业文,买计算机毕业文厦门相关毕业论文题目范文。适合开题报告及图书馆及计算机方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及开题报告相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。
8;她气的连话都说不出来.S7b:Soangrywasshethatshecouldn'tspeak.
S7c:Shewassoangrythatshecouldn'tspeak.
S8a:只有这样才能解决问题.
S8b:Onlyinthiswaycanyousolvetheproblem.
S8c:Theproblemcanonlybesolvedthisway.
TheChinesesentencesclearlydemonstratethedifficultyinunderstandingChinesewithoutnecessarygeneralization.S6c,S7candS8careliteraltranslationoftheChinese,aostChineselearnersofEnglishmoreoftenthannotwoulddo.SuchtranslationsrevealthattheChineselearnerstendtogeneralizetheEnglishexpressionswithoutsufficientattentiontotheanalyticalnatureofthetargetlanguage.
SimilarinstancejustaboundinbothEnglishandChineseliteratureatvariouslevelsrangingfromdiction,semanticconnotation,denotation,syntacticstructurestocontextualpreferences.It'sabsoluteunnecessaryandimpossibletolistthemonebyonehere.
3.1.3Subject-orientedThinkins.Object-targetedThinking
Itisalsocategorizedasintentthoughtandthecognitionthought.TheChinesehabituallytakethepersonorsubjectastheobjectintheirintentthoughtwhiletheWesternerstendtotakethenatureastheobjectfortheircognitivethought.Theintentthoughtisintroverted,thecontraction,emphasizesthemainbody,thereforeChineselinearitydelaysextremelylimitedly,warequentlycounter(fronthaspointedout),Thecognitionthoughtistheextroversion,theradiation,theemphasisobject,thereforeEnglishextremelylittlecounterextendstheexpansion.ThuslinguistMr.WangLispokeChineseistherulebypeoplelanguage,Englishisthegovernmentbylawlanguage.Chineseexpressesthesubjecttakethemainbodyasthecenterwithtostatethetopictherelations,butfrequentlydoesnotindicateinitiativeorpassive,theprominentsubjectthenon-subject,oftenisthesubjectwithstatesthetopicpoundadvancement,thuulti-shortphrases,simplesentences(withoutclauses),Thesubjectcustomperson,usessendsoutthemovementonowninitiativeorhasthingofthelifetofillapositionthesubject,thusthemulti-verbs,fortheverb.Englishoftenusescannotsendoutthemovementorthelifelessthingwordsandexpressionsonowninitiativemakesthesubject,passivesentence,lonerse,poundsentence,Asentencebeesthestraightlinedevelopmenttakeerbasthecenter,thusthemulti-nouns,forthenoun,multipurposefunctionwordsandsoonpreposition,conjunction.E.g.
S9a:托马斯·杰弗逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大的贡献.
S9b:AmericaneducationwasagreatdebttoThomasJefferson.
S10a:AcademicallythefactthatinsectscouldbesterilizedbyexposuretoX-rayhadbeenknownsince1916,whenanentomologistbythenameofG.A.Runnerreportedsuchsterilizationofcigarettesbeetles.
S10b:1916年,一位名叫G.A.朗纳的昆虫学家报告说,可以通过X光照射使烟草甲虫不育,从那时起,人们就已经从理论上知道可以这样使昆虫失去生育能力.
S11a.Anotherideasuddenlystruckme.
S11b:我突然想到另一个主意.
S12a.Thesecondworldwarbroughthimrapidbattlepromotion.
S12b:他在二战中屡建战功,晋升很快.
TheaboveEnglishsentences,withtheabstractsubjects,soundquitenaturaltoEnglishreaders,butwouldsoundquiteawkwardtotheChinesereadersifliterallytranerredintoChinese.TheChinesetranslation,ontheotherhand,beginswiththepersonalsubjectandsoundsquiteoothandprehensibletotheChinesereaders.
3.1.4TortuousThinkins.StraightThinking
IntheWesternphilosophy,ithasbeenalastingconventiontopursuealternatecontrastinitsreasoning,thusestablishingastraightforwardthinkingmode.ButtheChinese,ontheotherhand,hebeenmoreaccustomedtotheharmonyandunityoftheworld,esp.thatbetweenthenatureandthehumans,andaremorelikelytoadoptbothsidesofamatter,thusestablishingatortuousthinkingmode.Asreflectedintheirspeech,theEnglishtendtosticktothepointattheverybeginningofthespeech,offeringastraightandfrankthemeofthespeechbeforeproceedingontopresenttherelevantdetailsandacpanyingsituations.Thatmaywellaccountforthesyntacticfeaturesofapactheadandalongandheyendingwiththeemphasisatthefrontpartofthesentences.AndtheChinesesentences,duetothespeakers'thinkingmodes,willpresenttherelativeinformationingreatdetailbeforehittinguponthetheme,areaboundinexpressionswithalongheadwithashortending.e.g.
S13a:Imetwithmymiddleschoolmateattheentranceofthetheaterat7:30yesterdayevening,whenIhen'tseenforyears.
S13b:昨天晚上7点半在剧院门口,我遇到了我多年未见的中学同学.
Inconsequenceofsuchthinkingmodes,theChinesewouldanizetheirspeechinlogicorderbytellingthecausesbeforedescribingtheconsequences,andofferingsomeprepositionsbeforethedeductivereasoning,anddescribingthefactsbeforeofferingthespeaker'sattitude.Andeveninthespaciousorsequentialorder,theytendtolistfromthemoregeneraltothemorespecific.Aorthesequenceofimportanceorsignificance,it'snotdifficulttoseewhytheywouldbeginwiththemostimportantorsignificantandthenmoveontothelessimportantorlesssignificant.TheEnglishspeakers,withtheassistanceofconjunctionsandprepositions,canbemoreflexiblethantheChineseinthisaspect.
S14a:Hedidn'tebecausehewasill
S14b:他因为下雨而没来.
S15a.Andthereareotherswhosaytheirsuspicionswerearousedovertime,asthe55-year-oldMr.Williams,whoappearedonweekendsturnedoutinfinesuits,broughtuppropertybyproperty.
S15b:也有人说他们的怀疑与日俱增,因为55岁的威廉姆斯先生总是西装革履地在周末出现,买下一笔又一笔地产.
S15c:55岁的威廉姆斯先生总是西装革履地在周末出现,买下一笔又一笔地产,因此,也有人说他们越来越怀疑了.()
tothefurtherworldaroundhim.Thisisividreflectionoftheirpracticallivingstyles.AsZhaoWeijun(xxx,xx)putsit,50%oftheChinesesentencesorspeecheollowtheorderofknowntounknown.E.g..
S16a:Whatonearthdoyoumeanbytalkingabouttheseatthatmomentwhenwewereallinhighspirits
S16b:当大家兴高采烈时,你却谈论这些问题,到底什么意思
S17a.Ithinkasuccesuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohegreatimpersonalinterestsinvolvingappropriateactivities.
S17b:我认为,如果老年人对于个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,他们的晚年是最容易过的好的.(YangSheying,etel,2016,70)
IntheEnglishversioninS16aandS17a,theEnglishspeakerfocusesontheleadingconcept(orthespeaker'sconcern)attheverybeginningofthesentencesbeforepresentingthereadyinformation.YettheChineseversioninS16bandS17b,theChinesespeakerbeginswiththereadyinformation("大家兴高采烈"inS16band"老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动"inS17b)beforetouchingthosedistantinformation.
3.1.5FuzzyThinkins.AccurateThinking
Fuzzythinkingioreemphaticofthegeneralimpressionorthegeneralprincipleofreflectionandisnotsomuchconcernedwiththespecificdetailsoftheobjectsortherelativeinformation.That'oretypicaloftheChinesethanoftheWesterners,esp.theEnglish.TheChinesehaslongbeeninfluencedbysuchafuzzyphilosophy.Evenintheremoteclassic"LaoZi",dao(principle)hasbeenassumedasthegeneraloriginoftheworldandheen.Butthebookdescribeddaoassomethingfuzzyandshakywithoutanyembodimentandyetwithreferencetoandimplicativeofeverythingunderthesun.TheninZhuangZi'sarguments,daowaurtherappliedtoexplaintherelationshipamongthingsintheworld,inwhichunityandharmonyamongallobjects(includinghumanbeings)wasgreatlyextended.AccordingtoZhuangZi,theworldaroundusisinprehensibleindetailbutperce
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ivableingeneral.ThisisvividlyembodiedintheChineselanguage.Forinstance,thereisnoarticleinChinese.Whenwerefertosomespecialitems,thereaderoraudiencehetoguesswhichspecialitemisbeingreferredtoinlightofthecontext.Anotherinstanceistheomissionofnumericalbeforenouns,e.g."冰箱里有鸡蛋和西红柿"------Thereareeggsandpotatoesinthefreezer.ButhowmanyarethereinitNowheretolearn.StillanotherexampleisthecontextualcohesioninChinesedependsheilyontheinternalrelationshipbetweenparagraphsandsentences,andconjunctionsorprepositionsareoftenunailable.E.g."他吃完饭去了学校"------Hefinishedmealwenttoschool(Hewenttoschoolafterdinner).TheEnglish,incontrast,laygreatemphasisontheaccuracyofdescriptionandspeech.Suchthinkingmodesarealsodeeprootedintheirphilosophicalconvention.Thewesternershealwaysshownmoreinterestinscienceandtechnologythatdemandaccuracyandprecisionandobjectiveness.Andsohebeentheirlanguages.Whenevertheytalkaboutsomething,theytrytobeaccurateandsyntacticallywell-constructedandtherearemorefunctionalwordsinEnglishthaninChineseessays.
InChineseweheaword"气"(qi)-----物质之气,人生性命之气,能动的实体之气,正气.ButhowshallweunderstandtheseqiinEnglishActuallytheyaregreatlydiversifiedinmeaning,referringtomaterialforce,air,vitality,vitalenergyandintegrity.
S18a:此刻自己也跟了进去,一则宝玉不便,二则黛玉嫌疑.罢了,倒是回来的妙.(《红楼梦》第七十二回)
S18b:IfIgoinnowafterhim,heissuretofeelembarrassedandsheissuretostartimaginethings.Itwouldbebettertogobackwithoutseeingher.(Chapter72,ADreaminRedMansions)
It'snotdifficulttoseethattheChineseversionisquiteobscureinmanycases."跟了进去"-----followinside,butfollowwhomTheauthordoesn'ttellasit'snotnecessarytotellinChineseandit'suptothereadertounderstandfromthecontext.ButtheEnglishversionputsitclearly----"afterhim,Baoyu".Whatdoes"不便"(inconvenient)meanhereWhatkindofinconvenienceisitAndwhatkindof"嫌疑"(suspicion)isreferredtoTheChineseversionisquiteambiguousandevenconfusing.Butthereadercanunderstandit.YetitshouldnotbeliterallyrenderedintoEnglish.InsteadtheabovequestionsarebothansweredintheEnglishversion."不便"(inconvenient)meansBaoyu'sembarrasenttotalklovetohisloveinfaceofathirdperson.And"嫌疑"(suspicion)referstoDaiyu'ssuspicionofBaoyu'ssincerityinhislove-------whyshouldBaoyugetsomeonearoundifhereallymeanstoexpresshistruelovetoherDaiyumayimaginethatBaoyuhasgottheguyaroundonpurpose------findreasonsnottoexpresshisloveforherbecausehehasnoloveforheratall.SotheEnglishversionreads"starttoimaginethings",asvividrepresentationoftheChineseversion.
3.1.6Hypotaxisvs.Parataxis
Thedifferencesbetweenhypostasisandparataxishehelpedtoformthetwolanguagestheirownstyles.
IntheparisonsandtheorystatedaboveweheknownthatEnglishuseanyconjunctions,prepositionsandotherconnectivemeanstomakelinksbetweenphrasesandwords,becauseofwhichthelanguageiorelogicalandbetteranized.SoMaoRongguiholdstheopinionthatEnglishisakindoflanguagethatiullofvirilequalities,forthecharacteroflinearlogic,anizationandration,whichhasledittobe"masculinity".(LarryA.Samovar:xxx)
Ontheotherhand,Chinesehasgotitsownbeauty,whichdoesn'tpaytoomuchattentiontologicaldescriptionoftheobjectivereality.Furthermore,itisnotclingingwiththecriterionofthelanguagestructure.Chineseisakindoflanguagethatshowsthecharacterof"femininity",andthecharmingofitliesinitsloosestructure.(HuWenzhong:xxx)
Fromtheparisonsabovewemayseethatthedifferencesbetweenhypotaxisandparataxisheresultedinthedifferentsentencestructuresandlanguageexpressionforms.Theformingofthesedifferences,inmyopinionmustbetracedbacktothediversityoftheirthinkingpatterns,fortheyarecloselyconnectedwiththewaytorecognizetheworldandtojudgewhatisthemostimportant.
S19a.你学习努力,就能通过考试,不努力就通不过考试
*S19b.Youwillworkhardandyoucanpasstheexams.Youwon'tworkhardandyouwillfailintheexams.
S19c.Ifyouworkhard,youwillpasstheexam,otherwiseyou'llfail.
S20a.他是个很有经验的商人,他从事外贸好多年了.
*S20b.Heisanexperiencedbusinesan.Hehasengagedinforeigntradeformanyyears.
S20c.Heisanexperiencedbusinesanbecausehehasengagedinforeigntradeformanyyears.
S21a.他们之间了解的多一些,相处得就好一些了.
S21b.Nowthattheyknowmoreabouteachother,theygetonbetter.
TheabovespecimensareconvincingenoughindemonstratinghowtheChineseemphasizehypotaxisintheirspeechwhiletheEnglisharemoreparataxis-considerate.
3.1.7SomeOtherClassifications
Asdifferentscholarayapproachthisissuefromdifferentviewpoints,thedifferencesbetweentheChineseandEnglishthinkingmodescanbefurthercategorizedinsomeotheraspects.Actuallytherearesomanyfactorstoconsiderindistinguishingthethinkingmodesofthetwonationsthatitisneitherpracticalnornecessarytodiscussthemallhere.Thefewbriefedbelowarejustafewsandsontheseashore.
a.BackwardThinkins.PredictiveThinking
IthasbeenfoundthattheChinesetendtoconsidermattersinpredicativeorderwhiletheEnglishprefersbackwardthinking.(ZhouFangzhu:xxx,95)Forinstance,theChinesewouldusuallygivereasonsbeforepresentingtheconsequenceswhiletheEnglishwouldratherstatetheresultbeforegivingthecauses.E.g.
S22a:Shewasamazedthatheshouldarrivesosoon.
S22b:他来得真快,让她惊奇不已.(Hehadarrivedsosoonandthissurprisedherverymuch)
S23a:Herealizedthatshewascryingbecauseofwhathehadsaid.
S23b:他认识到他的一番话让她哭了.(Herealizedthatbecauseofhiswordsshecried)
Andsuchtendenciescanbeexaminedinmanyotheraspectssuchastimesequence,physicaldirections,psychologicaldistances,etc.
b.IntrospectiveThinkins.ExtroversiveThinking
ItisgenerallyagreedthattheChineseareintrospectiveintheirthinking,whichisbestillustratedbysomewidelyacceptedChinesesayingssuchas"常思自己过,闲谈莫论他人非"(Trytoreflectonyourownfaultswhenspared,butnevergossiponothers'mistakewhilechatting),"修身,齐家,治国,平天下"(upgradeyourselftosupportthefamily,helpthestateandbenefitthepeople).Inmostcases,modestyhasbeenoneoftheessentialmoralsoftheChinese,whichservesasanotherinstanceoftheintrospectivethinkingoftheChinese------theyshouldneverboastofbeingthebestbutshouldalwaysstriveforthebetterbyfindingflawsintheirworkorbehior.TheEnglish,incontrast,striveforsuccesswithgreatself-confidenceandpraiseromothersareusuallyacceptedimmediatelyandparentsarealwaystryingtofindprogressintheirchildren."Makingadifferenceistheorderoftheday"hasbeenmonbeliefformostEnglish-speakingnations.Evenwhenpresentingsomeprinciples,theChineseprefertoimplyorindicatewhiletheEnglishwouldstatethemstraightforwardwithoutanyhesitation.
c.dialecticalThinkins.LogicalThinking
AnotherspecialtyoftheChinesethinkingmodeliesinthedialecticalelements.TheChineseseldomconsiderthingsisolatebutratherdialectical.TheeasiestinstanceistheChinesephrase"舍得"("affor
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dtolose"inthemonsense)whichactuallyimpliesthatyoushouldfirstofalloffersomethingtoothersifyoumeantogetsomethingback.TogiveandtotakearetwooppositeactionsbutinChinesethecontradictoryactionsarebinedinonephrase"舍得"------totakebygiving.TheEnglishhestrictsenseoflogicandthingsareblackorwhite,nomiddlepositionorbinationofthetwo.d.collectiveandselectivethinking
Incorrespondencetootheraspectsoftheirthinkingmodes,theChineseprefercollectivethinkingwhiletheEnglishselective.Thatis,theChinesewouldfocusonthegeneralimpressionorfinalresultorthedominatingtendencywithoutcaringmuchaboutthedetailsofmatters.YettheEnglishwouldfocusonthedetailsbeforeconcludingthefinalresults.Suchthinkingmodesheaccountedforthedifferentpolitical,economic,culturalandevenscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmenttrailsinthehistoryofthetwonations.Forinstance,theChineseareart-orientedinsuchtechniquesascooking,garments,paintingandmusic,andaboveall,personalpoliticalprogresswhiletheEnglishheprovedgreateradvantageintechnologicalsciencessuchaachinery,mathematicalanalysisandsimilartechniquesdemandinggreatfocusonaccuratemeasuringandcalculationofdetails.
Inspiteofthegreatdifferencesbetweenthetwonationsintheirthinkingmodes,similaritiesareobviousandeasilyailableintoomanyaspects.Butthisisnotthefocushereanddoesnotdemandordeserveanydetailedargumentationhere.
3.2LinguisticFeaturesResultingfromDifferencesofThinkingPatterns
Theeffectofdifferentthinkingmodesonlinguisticconstructionisalsoapparentinthelexical,syntactic,contextualandgrammaticalfeaturesofthetwolanguages.
3.2.1LexicalFeatures
Morphemesaretheessentialunitsoflanguage.Sovocabularyusuallyrevealstheclassificationofthespeakersofalanguage.Thatis,theyhedividetheobjectsaroundusaccordingtodifferentcriteria.Forinstance,wehe"黑色金属"and"有色金属".Butcantheybetranslatedinto"blackmetal"and"coloredmetal"literallyOfcoursenot.TheChinese"黑色金属"refersto"ferrouetals"and"有色金属"tonon-ferrouetals.ThieansthattheChinesedistinguishmetalromtheexternalcolorswhiletheEnglishclassifythemonlightoftheexistenceofironinthemetal.Anotherinstancemaybetterexplainthedifference.InEnglishwehe"whitemeat"and"redmeat"whicharenotailableinChinese.ThatmeanstheEnglishheclassifiedanimalmeatinawaypletelydifferentfromthatoftheChinese.
Suchexamplesarejusttooeasytofindinthevocabularyofthetwolanguages."炒"----stir-fry,"预备党员"----probationerpartymember,"hightable"-----大宴会中高出其他桌子的餐桌,hillbilly----美国南部山区的人,etc,arejustafew.Allthesearehardlydirectlytranslatableandneedtobeexplainedwithsomeadditionalexplanationastheyarenotdirectlyailableinthetargetlanguage(TL).
Englishwordformationtakesvariouormssuchasaffixation,poundingandconversion,blending,clippingacronyms,backformationandadoptionfrompropernouns.ButChinesewords(characters)neverexperiencesuchformationprocess.Theirgrammaticalfunctionsandmeaningsaredecidedbytheirrelationswithotherwords(characters)intheircontextandarethuoreflexibleandcontext-dominated.InEnglish,wehe"we,our,us,ours"and"I,my,me,mine"forthefirstpersonal,butinChineseweheonlyoneword(character)"我"(wo3,Iorme)andbyaddinganotherword"的"(de4,of)wegetthephrase"我的"(wo3de,myormine)toindicatethepossessiverelationshiporadding"们"(men2,pluralformforallnouns,esp.personalpronouns)toget"我们"(wo3men2,weorus)forthepluralformof"我"andwecangetanotherphrase"我们的"byaddingbothwords"们"and"的"after"我"togetthepluralpossessiveformoftheword"我".ThisimpliesthattheChinesemorphemesenjoymoreliberalbinationwithothermorphemestoestablishnewandmoreplicatedphrases.ButtheEnglishmorphemes,whenformingnewwords,orevenconductingdifferentgrammaticalfunctions,willfollowstrictrulesandeventakepletelynewforms.
Suchdifferencesinlexicalfeatureshealsocausedgreattroubletotranslators.Actuallyintoomanycasestranslationisimpossible,andtheoriginalmeaningisonlypartlyconveyedviametaphororexplanationasnootheralternativeisailableforsuchtranslation.
3.2.2.2SyntacticFeatures
WangYingthefamousprofessoroncesaidthatsomelinguisticslivelypareEnglishstructureas"grapestructure",forthetrunkofthegrapeisveryshortwithmanyfruitattachedonittoformverylongsentences.Differentfromthat,theChinesesentencesareshorterwithphrasesinsequentialorderbythemselvesjustlikethebamboojoints.SoChineseiscalled"bamboostructure".(HuWenzhong:xxx,2)
ThemostmonlyusedwordorderforEnglishisthestrictSVO.Englishsentencestakeverbsastheircores,whicharetheircentercontrollingalltherelationshipsbetweenthesentenceponents.Exceptthepredicateverballtheverbstaketheformofindefiniteformtomakedifferencefromthepredicateverb,andmanyprepositionsandconjunctionsareusedtoconnectthephrasescontained.ForChineseitusuallymakesgooduseofverbstogetherinonesentencetopresentthethingsonebyoneaccordingtothetimewhenthethingshappened.(ibid.57)
Structuralilinguisticspromotesthetheoryofconstituentincision,whichmeanstoseparatethesentencestophraseunities.(ibid.31)Moreovertheyprefertheconstituentanalysis,whichmeanstoconnectallofthelanguageponentstootherswhentheyareanalyzed.ThiskindofmethodwillchangetheEnglishtotherecognizedobjectromstructures.AnEnglishsentenceonglobalenergysupplyreads:
S24a:Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheg