电力工程师职文成人

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本文是一篇理工类论文范文,理工类类本科论文开题报告,关于电力工程师职文成人相关研究生毕业论文开题报告范文。适合理工类及答案及学术期刊方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及理工类相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

2016年职称英语等级考试教材理工类新增内容完整版

第七篇ModerateearthquakestrikesEngland

ModerateearthquakestrikesEngland

AmoderateearthquakestruckpartsofsoutheastEnglandon28April2007,topplingchimneyromhousesandrousingresidentromtheirbeds.Severalthousandpeoplewereleftwithoutpower1inKentCounty2.Onewomansufferedminorheadandneckinjuries.

"Itfeltasifthewholehousewasbeingslidacrosslikeafun-fairride3,"saidthewoman.

TheBritishGeologicalSurveysaidthe4.3-magnitudequake4struckat8:19a.m.andwascenteredundertheEnglishChannel5,about8.5milessouthofDover6andneartheentrancetotheChannelTunnel7.

Witnessessaidcracksappearedinwallsandchimneyscollapsedacrossthecounty.Residentssaidthetremorhadlastedforabout10to15seconds.

"Iwaslyinginbedanditfeltasifsomeonehadjustgotupfrombednexttome,"saidHendrickvanEck,27,ofCanterbury8about60milessoutheastofLondon."Ithenheardthesoundofcracking,anditwasgettingheierandheier9.Itfeltasifsomeonewasattheendofmybedhoppingupanddown."

Therearethousandsofmoderatequakesonthisscalearoundtheworldeachyear,buttheyarerareinBritain.TheApril28quakewasthestrongestinBritainsince2002whena4.8-magnitudequakestruckthecentralEnglandcityofBirmingham10.

Thecountry'sstrongestearthquaketookplaceintheNorthSeain1931,measuring6.1ontheRichterscale11.BritishGeologicalSurveyscientistRogerMussonsaidthequaketookplaceon28AprilinanareathathadseenseveralofthebiggestearthquakesevertostrikeBritain,includingonein1580thatcauseddamageinLondonandwaeltinFrance12.Mussonpredictedthatitwasonlyamatteroftime13beforeanotherearthquakestruckthispartofEngland.However,peopleshouldnotbescaredtoomushbythisprediction,Mussonsaid,asthemodernearthquakewarningsystemofBritainshouldbeabletodetectaforthingquakeandannounceitseveralhoursbeforeittakesplace.Thiswouldallowtimeforpeopletoevacuateandreducedamagetotheminimum.

词汇:

moderate/(m(d(r(t/adj.中等的magnitude/(m((n(tju:d/n.值,强度量topple/(t(pl/v.倾倒,震倒

rouse/r((z/v.唤醒tremor/(trem(/n.震动

hop/h(p/v.齐足跳起fun-fair/(f(n(fe(/n.公共露天游乐场

scale/sk((l/n.震级forthing/(f(:(k(m((/adj.即将来临的evacuate/((v(kju((t/v.疏散geological/(d((((l(d((k(l/adj.地质的

注释:

power:电力

KentCounty:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]

Itfeltasifthewholehousewasbeingslidacrosslikeafun-fairride:它(地震)给人的感觉是整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是"游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置".asif是"好象等一样,仿佛",例如:

HetreatedmeasifIwerehisson.

(他待我如同他的儿子一样.)

the4.3-magnitudequake:里氏4.3级地震

EnglishChannel:英吉利海峡

Dover:多佛尔[英格兰东南部港市]

ChannelTunnel:海峡隧道.ChannelTunnel(常简称为Chunnel)是连接英法两国的海峡隧道.

Canterbury:坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市,中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地]

itwasgettingheierandheier:爆裂声越来越响

Birmingham:伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]

theRichterscale:里氏震级表.美国地震学家CharlesFrancisRichter(1900-1985)于1935年制定了地震震级表.

BritishGeologicalSurveyscientistRogerMussonsaidthequaketookplaceon28AprilinanareathathadseenseveralofthebiggestearthquakesevertostrikeBritain,includingonein1580thatcauseddamageinLondonandwaeltinFrance:英国地质勘测所的科学家RogerMusson说,这次4月28日遭遇地震的地区就是经受过袭击英国最强烈的几次大地震的同一地区,其中的一次大地震发生在1580年,那次地震蹂躏了伦敦,巴黎也能感到它的震波.

amatteroftime:时间问题.又如:It'snotamatterofmoney(这不是个钱的问题.)

练习:

1.DuringtheApril28earthquake,wholeEnglandwasleftwithoutpower.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

2.TheChannelTunnelwasclosedfor10hoursaftertheearthquakeoccurred.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

Itwasreportedthatoneladyhadgotherheadandneckinjured,butnotseriously.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

4.FranceandseveralotherEuropeancountriessenttheirmedicalteamstoworksidebysidewiththeBritishdoctors.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

5.Thecountry'sstrongestearthquaketookplaceinLondon.in1580.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

6.MussonpredictedthatanotherearthquakewouldoccurinsoutheastEnglandsoonerorlater.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatEnglandisrarelyhitbyhighmagnitudeearthquakes.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

答案与题解:

1.B题句说2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电,与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符.短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区,电力中断,几千名居民无电可用.所以,题句是错误的,答案为B.2.C本题所说的意思是:地震发生后,海峡隧道关闭了10小时.题句表达的内容短文中找不到,故答案为C.3.A题句的意思是:地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤.题句表达的意思与第一段第一句表达的内容相符.所以选项A是答案.4.C题句表达的意思是:法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作.这一内容短文中找不到,故答案为C.5.B题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580年发生在伦敦,这与短文表述的事实不符.短文第七段第一句明白无误地说,英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海.题句表达的信息是错误的,故答案为B.6.A题句说Musson预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震.这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符.短文中说,另一次地震将袭击英格兰东南部,这只是个时间问题.所以答案是A.7.A短文第六段第一句说,全球每年发生强度为里氏4级左右的地震有几千次,但是这种中等强度的地震英格兰很少发生.据此,读者可以容易地推断出,高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了.

第十篇IrishDolphinayheauniquedialect

Irishscientistonitoringdolphinslivinginariverestuaryinthesouthwestofthecountrybelievetheymayhedevelopedauniquedialecttomunicatewitheachother.

TheShannonDolphinandWildlifeFoundation(SDWF)1hasbeenstudyingagroupofupto120bottle-nosedolphinsintheRiverShannon2usinocalisationscollectedonaputerinacowshed3neartheRiverShannon.

Aspartofaresearchproject,studentRonanHickeydigitisedandanalysedatotalof1,882whistleromtheIrishdolphinsandthose4fromtheWelshdolphinsonaputerandseparatedthemintosixfundamentalwhistletypesand32differentcategories5.Ofthecategories,hefoundmost6wereusedbybothsetsofdolphins7--buteightwereonlyheardfromtheIrishdolphins.

"Wearebuildingupacatalogueofthedifferentwhistletypestheyuseandtryingtoassociatethemwithbehiourlikeforaging,resting,socialisingandthemunicationsofgroupswithcalves,"projectleaderSimonBerrowsaid."Essentiallywearebuildingupwhatislikeadictionaryofwordstheyuseorsoundstheymake."

Berrow,amarinebiologist,saidthedolphins'clicksareusedtofindtheirwayaroundandlocateprey.Thewhistlesaremunications."Theydoawholerangeofothersoundslikebarks,groansandakindofgunshot,"hesaid."Thegunshotisanintensepulseofsound.Spermwhalesuseittostuntheirprey.

"WhenIfirsthearditIwassurprisedasIthoughtspermwhalesweretheonlyspecieswhousedit.Wecanspeculatethedolphinsareusingitforthesamereasonasthespermwhales,"Berrowsaid.

References8inlocallegendindicatetherehebeendolphinsintheShannonestuaryforgenerationsandtheymayevenhebeenresidentthereaarbackasthe6thcentury9.

TheyareregularlyseenbypassengersontheShannonferryandanestimated25,000touristseveryyeartakespecialsightseeingtoursonlocalboatstovisitthem.

词汇:

Irish/(a((r((/adj.爱尔兰的socialise/(s((((la(z/v.社交,交往dolphin/(d(lf(n/n.海豚

bottle-nosedolphin宽吻海豚spermwhale巨头鲸

click/kl(k/n.咔哒声,喀嚓声estuary/(estju(r(/n.河口,江口

vocalisation/(v((k(la((z((((n/n.发声

shed/(ed/n.小屋,棚

digitalise/(d((((t(la(z/v.使数字化

本文是一篇理工类论文范文,理工类类本科论文开题报告,关于电力工程师职文成人相关研究生毕业论文开题报告范文。适合理工类及答案及学术期刊方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及理工类相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

whistle/((h)w(sl/n.啸声

forage/(f(r(((/v.搜寻(食物)prey/pre(/n.被捕食的动物

gunshot/(((n((t/n.射击声

groan/(r((n/n.,叹息

pulse/p(ls/n.脉冲

stun/st(n/v.击昏

注释:

1.TheShannonDolphinandWildlifeFoundation(SDWF):香农海豚与野生生物基金会.

theShannonRiver:香农河[位于爱尔兰共和国的中西部]

cowshed:牛棚

those指代前半句的whistles.

RonanHickey等separatedthemintosixfundamentalwhistletypesand32differentcategories:RonanHickey将啸声划分为6大类32种

most等于mostcategories

bothsetsofdolphins是指theIrishdolphins和theWelshdolphins.

Referencesinlocallegend::当地传说中的有关说法

theymayevenhebeenresidentthereaarbackasthe6thcentury:海豚可能早在公元6世纪就在香农河河口繁衍生息,resident是形容词,意思是"居住的".

练习:

1.Thedifferenceineatinghabitsbetweenthebottle-nosedolphinsandthespermwhalesinterestedtheSDWFscientists.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

2.RonanHickeyanalysedalmost2000differentdialectsofthebottle-nosedolphins..

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

3.Ofthe32categories,eightwereproducedonlybytheIrishdolphins.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

4.Whistlescouldalsobeusedtomunicatebetweenadultdolphinsandbabydolphins.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

5.Spermwhalescanproducestrongerultrasonicwestokilltheirpreythandolphins.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

6.Asearlyasthe6thcentury,IrishfishermenstartedraisingdolphinsintheShannonestuary.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

7.Irishdolphinsattracttouristsandover25,000peopleetoseethemeveryyear.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

.

答案与题解:

1.C本题所说的意思是宽吻海豚与巨头鲸进食习惯上大相径庭,这一点令科学家很感兴趣.题句表达的内容短文中找不到,故答案为C.2.B题句的意思是:RonanHickey分析了爱尔兰海豚发出的近2000种不同的方言.这句话与短文中叙述的意思不符.第三段第一句说:RonanHickey分析了爱尔兰海豚和威尔士海豚(不仅仅是爱尔兰海豚)发出的近2000种不同的啸声(不是方言).所以,本题选项B是答案.3.A题句表达的意思与第三段第二句所述的内容相符.32种啸声中有8种是爱尔兰海豚独有的.所以答案是A.4.A短文第四段第一句说科学家正在设法将啸声与海豚的行为特性联系起来,其中也包括成年海豚与小海豚之间的联络这一行为.题句的意思与原句的意思相符,所以答案是A.5.C本题所说的意思是鲸鱼能发出比海豚更强烈的超声波去杀死猎物.题句表达的内容短文中找不到,故答案为C.6.B短文第五段说的是,早在公元6世纪海豚就在香农河河口繁衍生息,而没有说早在公元6世纪渔民开始在香农河河口养殖海豚.题句的意思与文章的意思不符,所以答案是B.7.A题句表达的意思与最后一段的意思相符.原文说大约每年有25000名游客专程到此乘坐当地的小船观看海豚..所以答案是A.

ElectricBackpack(C级)

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第二篇:WillQualityEatuptheUSLeadinSoftware)

Backpacksareconvenient.Theycanholdyourbooks,yourlunch,andachangeofclothes,leingyourhandreetodootherthings.Someday,ifyoudon'tmindcarryingaheyload,yourbackpackightalsopoweryourMP31player,keepyourcellphonerunning,andmaybeevenlightyourwayhome.

LawrenceC.RomeandhiscolleagueromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniainPhiladelphia2andtheMarineBiologicalLaboratoryinWoodsHole3,Mass.4,heinventedabackpackthatmakeselectricityfromenergyproducedwhileitswearerwalks.Inmilitaryactions,search-and-rescueoperations,andscientificfieldstudies,peoplerelyincreasinglyoncellphones,globalpositioningsystem(GPS)5receivers,night-visiongoggles,andotherbattery-powereddevicestogetaroundanddotheirwork..Thebackpack'selectricity-generatingfeaturecoulddramaticallyreducetheamountofawearer'sloadnowdevotedtosparebatteries,reportRomeandhiscolleaguesintheSept.9Science6.

Thebackpack'selectricity-creatingpowersdependonspringsusedtohangaclothpackfromitetalframe.Theframesitsagainstthewearer'sback,andthewholepackmovesupanddownasthepersonwalks.Agearmechaniconvertsverticalmovementsofthepacktorotarymotionsofanelectricalgenerator,producingupto7.4watts.

Unexpectedly,testsshowedthatwearersofthenewbackpackaltertheirgaitsinresponsetothepack'soscillations,sothattheycarryloadorefortablyandwithlesseffortthantheydoordinarybackpacks.Becauseofthatsurprisingadvantage,Romeplanstomercializebothelectricandnon-electricversionsofthebackpack.

Thebackpackcouldbeespeciallyusefulforsoldiers,scientists,mountaineers,andemergencyworkerswhotypicallycarryheybackpacks.Fortherestofus,power-generatingbackpackscouldmakeitpossibletowalk,playvideogames,watchTV,andlistentomusic,allatthesametime.Electricity-generatingpacksaren'tonthemarketyet,butifyoudogetoneeventually,justmakesuretolookbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet!

词汇:

backpack/(b(kp(k/n.背包watt/w(t/n.瓦(特)receiver/r((si(v(/n.接收机gait/(e(t/n.步态,步法night-visiongoggle夜视镜oscillation/((s((le(((n/n.摆动spring/(pr((/n.弹簧mercialize/k((m((((la(z/v.商业化vertical/(v((((k(l/adj.垂直的mountaineer/(ma(nt((n((/n.登山运动员rotary/(r((t(r(/adj.旋转的注释:

MP3:Inter上最流行的音乐格式,最早起源于1987年德国一家公司的EU147数字传输计划,它利用MPEGAudioLayer3的技术,将声音文件用1:12左右的压缩率压缩,变成容量较小的音乐文件,使传输和储存更为便捷,更利于互联网用户在网上试听或下载到个人计算机.

Philadelphia:费城[美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市]

WoodsHole:美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村,也是许多重要研究机构所在地,如:theMarineBiologicalLaboratory,theSeaEducationAssociation以及theWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,

Mass.:Massachusetts的缩写:马萨诸塞州,美国东北部的一个州.

globalpositioningsystem(GPS):全球定位系统

Science:美国的Science杂志为国际上着名的自然科学综合类学术期刊,在世界学术界享有盛誉.Science杂志创刊于1880年,该杂志具有新闻杂志和学术期刊的双重特点,每周除向世界各地发布有关科学技术和科技政策的重要新闻外,还发表全球科技研究最显着突破的研究论文和报告.

练习:

1.Backpacksareconvenientbecause

A)theycanbeverylarge

B)theycanholdaanythingsasyouwanttocarry.

C)yourhandsarefreedtodootherthings.

D)youdonothetocarrythingswithyou.

2.WhatisthemostimportantfeatureofthebackpackinventedbyLawrenceC.Romeandhiscolleagues

A)Itproduceselectricityforelectronicdeviceswhilethewearerwalks.

B)Itcanbeusedascellphones,GPSinthemilitaryactionsorfieldstudies.

C)Itisallandconvenient.

D)Itislightandeasytocarry.

3.Theword"springs"inParagraph3means

A)aallstreamofwaterflowingnaturallyfromtheearth.

B)theseasonoftheyear,occurringbetweenwinterandsummer.

C)theactoraninstanceofjumpingorleaping.

D)alengthofmetalwoundaround,whichreturnstoitsoriginalshapeafterbeingpushed.

4.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatdoesRomeplantodo

A)Tomakethebackpackmorefortableforthewearer.

B)Toputthebackpackonthemarket.

C)Totesttheadvantageofthebackpack.

D)Topromotethebackpackinanewspaperorontelevision.

5.Whatisimpliedin"ifyoudogetoneeventually,justmakesuretolookbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet!"

A)Youwillbetooexcitedtowatchthetraffic.

B)Enjoyingelectronicdeviceswhilewalkingmayinvitetrafficaccidents.

C)Itisnotpossibleforyoutogetsuchabackpack.

D)Itiswiseofyoutohesuchabackpack.

答案与题解:

1.C第一段告诉我们,因为背包可以装许多东西,所以可以将双手解放出来做其它事情:tofreeyourhandstodootherthings.

2.A第二段的第一句说,LawrenceC.Rome及其同事们发明的这种背包,当背着背包走路时,会有电能产生,该段最后一句告诉我们,背包的这种性能可减少背包的重量,因为不必携带备用电池.

3.D"springs"在此是弹簧的意思.spring是一个多义词:泉水(A),春天(B),弹跳(C).

4.B第四段最后一句的意思是:Rome计划将这种背包商业化,即,推向市场.A,C,D在文中均未提到.D

本文是一篇理工类论文范文,理工类类本科论文开题报告,关于电力工程师职文成人相关研究生毕业论文开题报告范文。适合理工类及答案及学术期刊方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及理工类相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

340;意思是为背包做广告.

5.B这个句子的字面意思是:如果你终于得到这样的背包,过马路时一定要两面都看看.也就是说,不要因为同时玩着游戏,听着音乐,看着电视,太专注以致不注意来往车辆了.

2.FlyingtheHyper1Skies(C级)

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第六篇:LivewithComputer)

Alittleairplanehasgivennewmeaningtotheterm"goinghyper."

TheHyper-X2recentlybroketherecordforair-breathingjetplaneswhenittreledatahypersonicspeedofseventimesthespeedofsound.That'sabout5,000milesperhour.Atthisspeed,you'dgetaroundtheworld–flyingalongtheequator–inlessthan5hours.

Thehyper-Xisanunmanned,experimentalaircraftjust12feetlong.Itachieveshypersonicspeedusingaspecialsortofengineknownasascramjet3.Itmaysoundlikesomethingfromaicbook,butengineershebeenexperimentingwithscramjetssincethe1960s.

Foranenginetoburnfuelandproduceenergy,itneedsoxygen.Ajetengine,likethoseonpassengerairplanes,getsoxygenfromtheair.Arocketenginetypicallygoeasterbuthastocarryitsownsupplyofoxygen.Ascramjetenginegoesaastasarocket,butitdoesn'thetocarryitsownoxygensupply.

Ascramjet'sspecialdesignallowsittoobtainoxygenfromtheairthatflowsthroughtheengine.Anditdoessowithoutlettingthefast-movingairputoutthebustionflames.However,ascramjetengineworksproperlyonlyatspeedsgreaterthanfivetimesthespeedofsound.

AboosterrocketcarriedtheHyper-Xtoanaltitudeofabout100,000feetforitstestflight.Theaircraft'srecord-beatingflightlastedjust11seconds.Althoughthelittleplane'sself-poweredflightlastedonly11seconds,thatbriefjourneyonMarch27makesamajormilestoneonthewaytoanewbreedofveryfastairplanes,mentsWernerJ.A.DahmoftheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor4.Inthefuture,engineerspredict,airplanesequippedwithscramjetenginescouldtransportcargoquicklyandcheaplytothebrinkofspace.Suchhypersonicjetscouldpotentiallycarrypassengersanywhereintheworldinjustafewhours.

OutofthethreeexperimentalHyper-XaircraftsbuiltforNASA5,onlyoneisnowleft.Theagencyhasplanoranother11-secondhypersonicflight,thistimeat10timesthespeedofthesound.

词汇:

hypersonic/(ha(p((s(n(k/adj.超音速的booster/(bu:st(/n.助推器equator/(((we(t((r)/n.赤道milestone/(ma(lst((n/n.里程碑unmanned/((n(m(nd/adj.无人的boosterrocket助推火箭scramjet/(skr(md(et/n.超音速燃烧冲压式,cargo/(k(:(((/n.货物喷气发动机brink/br((k/n.边缘bustion/k(m(b(st((n/n.燃烧

注释:

Hyper:构词词素,意思是:超,极度的,例如:hypersonic(超音速),hypertext(超文本),hyperactive(极度活跃).

2.Hyper-X:美国国家航空和宇宙航行局进行了多年的超音速飞机研究项目(HyperXProgram)中的一架实验飞机.

3.scramjet:该词由三个词素缩略而成:s(upersonic超音速),c(ombustion:燃烧)和ramjet(喷气引擎),即,一种喷气式飞机发动机,设计用于极超音速飞行,燃料在飞机产生的极超音速气流中燃烧.

AnnArbor:美国密歇根州(Michigan)的一个城市,华盛顿郡郡政府所在地,因密歇根大学而闻名.

NASA:是NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration的缩写,中文译名是:(美国)国家航空和宇宙航行局.

练习:

1.TheHyperXbroketherecordbecause

A)Itwasthefirstair-breathingjetplane.

B)Itflewalongtheequator.

C)Itflewatspeedsallerthanfivetimesthespeedofsound.

D)Ittreledatasupersonicspeed.

2.WhatkindofanenginedidtheHyperXuse

A)Ajetenginethatgetsoxygenfromtheair.

B)Ascramjetenginethatdoesn'tcarryitsownoxygensupply.

C)Arocketenginethatcarriesitsownsupplyofoxygen.

D)Ajetenginethatusesnooxygen.

3.WhatisNOTtrueaboutthescramjetengine

A)Itgoesslowerthanarocket.

B)Itextractsoxygenfromtheairthatflowsthroughtheengine.

C)Itworksonlyatspeedsgreaterthanfivetimesthespeedofsound.

D)Itdoesn'tcarryitsownoxygensupply.

4.WhatdidWernerJ.A.DahmoftheUniversityofMichigansayabouttheHyperXtestflight

A)Itindicatedthebirthoferyfastairplane.

B)Itwasself-powered,soitlastedonly11seconds.

C)Itcantransportcargoquicklyandcheaplytothebrinkofspace

D)Itisamajormilestoneinthejourneyofmakinganewtypeofveryfastairplanes

5.WhathasNASAplannedtodo

A)Tomakeanother11-secondhypersonicflightat10timesthespeedofthesound.

B)TomakethreemoreHyperXexperiments.

C)Toretesttheaircraftthatisleft.

D)Tomaketheaircraftflyhigherandlonger.

答案与题解:

1.CHyperX之所以打破记录是因为它的飞行速度是音速的7倍.它不是第一架空气喷气式飞机,也不是第一架超音速飞机,所以A和D都不对.HyperX的试飞并未绕赤道飞行,所以B也是错误的选择.

2.B第四段讲了三种发动机的氧气来源:喷气式发动机是从空气中汲取氧气,火箭发动机必须自携氧气,而超音速冲压喷气发动机则不必自携氧气,而这正是HyperX使用的发动机装置.

3.A根据第五段内容,B,C,D都是正确的说法.第四段最后一句告诉我们,A的说法是不正确的.

4.D文章的第六段中,密歇根大学的研究人员WernerJ.A.Dahm说,HyperX的试飞成功只是研制一种新式快速飞机过程中的一个里程碑(amajormilestoneonthewaytoanewbreedofveryfastairplanes),而不是新型飞机的诞生.所以,D是正确选择,A是错误选择.B也不是WernerJ.A.Dahm想要表达的意思,C是其它工程师而不是WernerJ.A.Dahm说的话.

5.A答案可在最后一段找到.

.

8..ExploreroftheExtremeDeep(C级)

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第二十篇:Hacking)

Oceanscovermorethantwo-thirdsofourpla.Yet,justaallfractionoftheunderwaterworldhasbeenexplored.Now,ScientistsattheWoodsHole1OceanographicInstitution(WHOI)inMassachusettsarebuildinganunderwatervehiclethatwillcarryexplorersasdeepas6,500meters(21,320feet).Thenewmachine,knownasamannedsubmersibleorhuman-operatedvehicle(HOV),willreplaceanotheronenamedAlvin2whichhasanamazingrecordofdiscovery,playingakeyroleinvariousimportantandfamousunderseaexpeditions.Alvinhasbeenoperatingfor40yearsbutcangodownonly4,500meters(14,784feet).It'sabouttimeforanupgrade,WHOIresearcherssay.

Alvinwaslaunchedin1964.Sincethen,Alvinhasworkedbetween200and250daysayear,saysDanielFornari,amarinegeologistanddirectoroftheDeepOceanExplorationInstituteatWHOI.Duringitslifetime,Alvinhascarriedsome12,000peopleonatotalofmorethan3,000dives.

Anewer,betterversionsofAlvinisboundtorevealevenmoresurprisesaboutaworldthatisstillfullofmysteries,Fornarisays.Itmightalsomakethejobofexplorationalittleeasier."Wetakesomuchforgrantedonland,"Fornarisays."Wecanwalkaroundandseewithoureyeshowbigthingsare.Wecanseecolors,specialarrangements."

Size-wise,thenewHOVwillbesimilartoAlvin.It'llbeabout37feetlong.Thesettingareainsidewillbeaallsphere,about8feetwide,likeAlvin,it'llcarryapilotandtwopassengers.Itwillbejustaaneuverable.Inmostotherways,itwillgivepassengeroreopportunitiestoenjoytheview,foronething.Alvinhasonlythreewindows,thenewvehiclewillhefive,withmoreoverlapsothatthepassengersandthepilotcanseethesamething.

Alvincangoupanddownatarateof30meterseverysecond,anditaximumspeedis2knots(about2.3milesperhour),whilethenewvehiclewillbeabletoascendanddescendat44meterspersecond.It'llreachspeedsof3knots,or3.5milesperhour.(361words)

词汇:

fraction/(fr(k((n/n.一部分dive/da(v/v.&,n.潜水,跳水underwater/((nd((w((t(/adj.水下的,adv.在水下bound/ba(nd/adj.受约束的,一定的manned/m(nd/adj.载人的sphere/(((r)/n.球体,范围undersea/((nd(si(/adj.海底的maneuverable/m((nu(v(r(bl/adj.机动的,可调动的submersible/s(b(m((s(bl/n.潜艇,潜水器overlap/((((v((l(p/v.&,n.重叠upgrade/((p(re(d/n.升级ascend/((send/v.上升geologi

本文是一篇理工类论文范文,理工类类本科论文开题报告,关于电力工程师职文成人相关研究生毕业论文开题报告范文。适合理工类及答案及学术期刊方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及理工类相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

st/d((((l(d((st/n.地质学家

注释:

WoodsHole:美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村,但同时拥有许多重要研究机构,如:theMarineBiologicalLaboratory,theSeaEducationAssociation以及theWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution.

Alvin:世界上第一个深海潜水器,它最有名的深海探测包括1986年对泰坦尼克号残骸的测量工作.

练习:

WhatisAlvin

A)Aresearchinstitute.

B)Atransportinehicle.

C)Asubmersible.

D)Ascientist.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTafactaboutAlvin

A)Itcancarryexplorersasdeepas6,500meters.

B)Ithasplayedakeyroleinvariousimportantunderseaexpeditions

C)Itwaslaunchedinthesixtiesofthetwentiethcentury.

D)Ithasbeenusedformorethan40years.

3."等aworldthatisstillfullofmysteries"refersto

A)Theearth.

B)Outspace.

C)Theocean.

D)Mars.

4.InwhataspectsarethenewHOVandAlvinsimilar

A)Size.

B)Speed.

C)Capacity.

D)Shape.

5.InwhataspectsarethenewHOVandAlvindifferent

A)Offeringbetterviews.

B)Speed.

C)Size.

D)BothAandB.

答案与题解:

1.C短文第一段的第二,第三句提供了答案.

2.A文章第二段的第二句说,科学家正在研制一艘可将研究人员带到6,500米深处的潜水装置,而它将替代Alvin,因为Alvin只能潜到4,500米深处.A不是事实,所以是正确选择.

3.C本文讨论探索海底世界的潜水装置,所以"充满神秘色彩的世界"指的就是海洋.

4.D第四段的头三个句子告诉我们,HOV和Alvin在体积上和容量上相似.所以D是正确选择.

5.D第四段最后两句告诉我们,Alvin只有三个窗户,而HOV有五个.最后一段告诉我们,两艘潜水装置的上下活动速度和行进速度有所差别.所以D是正确选择.

9.PlantGas(C级)

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第二十一篇:TheGeneIndustry)

Scientistshebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn'tregardedplantsasaproducer,notesFrankKeppler,ageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeldelberg,Germany1.NowKepplerandhiscolleagueindthatplants,fromgrassestotrees,mayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprising,becausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.

Previously,researchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobes2needtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegas,likecarbondioxide.GasessuchaethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth'satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.

Initsexperiments,Keppler'steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth'satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterial,suchaallenlees.

Withthedriedplants,theresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC.At30degreesC,theyfound,agramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.(Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.)Withevery10-degreeriseintemperature,theamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.

Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedauchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.

Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenailable,it'sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That'sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.

Thenewfindingisan"interestingobservation,"saysJenniferY.King,abiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul3.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethane,theymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant'sinfluence,shenotes.(367words)

词汇:

methane/(mi(((e(n/n.甲烷,沼气emission/((m(((n/n.散发,发射geochemist/(((d((((((kem(st/n.地球化学家triple/(tr(pl/v.增加三倍,adj.三倍的Celsius/(selsj(s/n&,adj.摄氏(的)bacteria/b(k(t((r((/n.(bacterium的复数)细菌microbe/(ma(kr((b/n.微生物

nanogram/(n(n((r(m/n.微克biogeochemist/(ba((((((d((((((kem(st/n.生物地球化学家chamber/(t(e(mb(/n.室,房间,腔

注释:

1.theMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeldelberg,Germany:马克思·普朗克核物理研究所,位于德国海德堡.海德堡系德国西南部城市,在巴登-符腾堡州的内卡河畔.海德堡大学是德国历史最悠久的大学.

2.microbe:细菌,意义同bacterium(bacteria的单数形式),但microbe不用作专门术语.

3.St.Paul:圣保罗,美国明尼苏达州首府.

练习:

Whatwasscientists'understandingofmethane

A)Itwasproducedfromplants.

B)Itwasnotagreenhousegas.

C)Itwasproducedinoxygen-freeenvironments.

D)Ittraporeheatthananyothergreenhousegas.

Totestwhetherplantsareasourceofmethane,thescientistscreated

A)aoxygen-freeenvironment.

B)anenvironmentwiththesameconcentrationofoxygenastheEarthhas.

C)acarbondioxide-freeenvironment.

D)anenvironmentfilledwiththegreenhousegas

Whichstatementistrueofthemethaneemissionsofplantsintheexperiment

A)Thelowerthetemperature,thehighertheamountofmethaneemissions.

B)Livingplantsreleaselesethanethandriedplantsatthesametemperature.

C)Whenexposedtosunlight,plantsstopreleasingmethane.

D)Thehigherthetemperature,thegreatertheamountofmethaneemissions.

4.WhatofthefollowingaboutmethaneisNotmentionedinthepassage

A)Plantsgrowinginsoilreleasemethane.

B)Plantsgrowinginwaterreleasemethane.

C)Soilmicrobesconsumemethane.

D)Microbesinplantsproducemethane.

5.Whatisthebeneficialpointofsomemicrobesconsumingplant-producedmethane

A)Methanebeeslesspoisonous.

B)methaneisturnedintoafertilizer.

C)Lesethanereachestheatmosphere.

D)Airbeescleaner..

答案与题解:

1.C短文的第一和第二段都讲到,科学家过去曾经认为,沼气必须在无氧的环境中才能产生.注意,作者用的是过去式:Mostscientistsassumedthat等,Theyhadassumedthat等.

2.B第三段第一句说,科学家使用密封的房间来做实验,房间里氧气的浓度与地球大气中的氧气浓度相仿.所以B句符合原文的意思,其它三个选择则不符合原文内容.

3.D根据第四和第五段的内容,只有D是正确的说法.温度越高沼气的释放量越高,有生命的植物释放的沼气远大于干植物的释放量,在阳光下,它们的沼气释放量是正常情况的三倍.

4.D最后两段告诉我们,无论在土壤中还是在水中生长的植物都能释放沼气,土壤中的微生物消耗沼气,使沼气不至于进入空气.所以A,B,C的内容均符合短文最后两段中作者的意思.D的内容短文中没有提到.

5.C最后一段的第二句可以找到本题的答案.

10.SmartWindow(B级)

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第三十三篇:StarQuality)

Windowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricityuseforlighting,butthelightingthroughthewindowalsoprovidesheat.However,windowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedge1technology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch2.

"Ittookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindowreallyis,"saysClaesGranqvist.He'saprofessorofsolid-statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden3."It'scontactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhetohevisualcontactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell."So,windowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey'restuckindoors.

Yet,windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenitestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewinter,coldairleaksin.Whenit'shotandsunny,sunlightstreamsin.Allofthissunlightcarrieslotsofheatandenergy.Andallofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirairconditioners.Producingblastsofcoldair,whichcanfeelsorefreshing,actuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.

Windowshebeenamajorfocusofenergyresear

本文是一篇理工类论文范文,理工类类本科论文开题报告,关于电力工程师职文成人相关研究生毕业论文开题报告范文。适合理工类及答案及学术期刊方面的的大学硕士和本科毕业论文以及理工类相关开题报告范文和职称论文写作参考文献资料下载。

chforalongtime.Overtheyears,scientistsheeupwitharietyofstrategieorcoating,glazing,andlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.

Electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochangecolor.Forexample,asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalpoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlikeabattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeisappliedanddarkwhenthechargeisremoved,thatis,whentheamountofvoltageisdecreased,thewindowdarkensuntilit'spletelydarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.

Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesaartwindowsoartisthatithasasortof"memory."Allittakesisaalljoltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Then,itstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutes,dependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofartwindowscouldmeanthatmassiveairconditioningsystemaynolongerneed."Inthefuture,"Granqvistsays,"ourbuildingaylookdifferent.

词汇:

flip/fl(p/n.&,v.用手指轻弹,轻击tungstenoxide氧化钨airconditioner空调(器)jolt/d(((lt/n.&,v.震摇,颠簸,晃动refreshing/r((fre(((/adj.使人清爽的electrochromic/((lektr(((kr((m(k/adj.电致变色的Glaze/(le(z/v.装玻璃,用玻璃覆盖voltage/(v((lt(d(/n.电压chromogenic/(kr((m((d(en(k/adj.发色的airconditioning空调,空调系统

注释:

1.cuttingedge:本意为:(刀片的)刃口,刀刃,比喻意为:最先进的,科技含量最高的. 2.anywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch:就在开或关的一霎那.

3.UppsalaUniversityinSweden:瑞典的乌普萨拉大学.乌普萨拉是瑞典东部一座城市,位于斯德哥尔摩的西北方向.

练习:

Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotindicatetheimportanceofwindowsasdescribedinthefirsttwoparagraphs

A)Windowscanchangefromcleartodarktoseenergy.

B)Windowshelptoseenergybylettinglightin.

C)Windowshelptoseenergybyprovidingheat.

D)Windowsenablepeopletohecontactwiththeoutsideworld.

2.Whenarewindowstheweaklinkinabuilding

A)Inthecoldwinter.

B)Inthehotsummer.

C)Whenairconditionersareturnedon.

D)BothAandB.

3.Whatareartwindows,accordingtoParagraph4

A)Windowsthatarecoated.

B)Windowsthatareglazed.

C)Windowsthecolorofwhichcanbechanged.

D)Windowsthathemanylayers.

4.Tomakeelectrochromicwindowschangecolor,whatisappliedtothewindowglass

A)Electricity.

B)Tungstenoxide.

C)Abattery.

D)Avoltage.

5.Whatwillbethebenefitiftheresearchonartwindowsturnsouttobesuccesul,accordingtothelastparagraph

A)Thebuildingswilllookdifferent.

B)Windowscanbeaslargeasyouwant.

C)Wemaynotneedairconditionersanymore.

D)Theyarelessexpensivethantraditionalwindows.

答案与题解:

1.A第一段告诉我们窗户因为让阳光进入房间,并且为房间提供热源,所以节约了能源.第二段说,窗户使人们能接触外部世界.所以B,C和D都说明了窗户的重要性.第一段最后一句说,研究者正在实验能让窗户变换亮度,但并没有说已经实验成功,所以A是错误的说法,是正确选择.

2.D短文第三段的第一句说:windowsaretheweaklinkinabuilding,接下来是对这句话分寒冬和炎夏做了说明.所以D是正确选择.

3.C第四段告诉我们,多年来,科学家已研究出多种通过窗户节能的办法,而artwindows使用的技术使窗户能变换颜色.所以C是正确选择.

4.B第五段第二句提供了答案.asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalpoundsuchastungstenoxide中的coated是"涂上一层薄薄的..."的意思.

5.C短文最后一段的第五句提供了答案.

11.WhereHeAlltheBeesGone(B级)

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第三十五篇:Single-parentKidsDoBest)

Scientistswhostudyinsectshearealmysteryontheirhands.Allacrossthecountry,honeybeesareleingtheirhivesandneverreturning.Researcherscallthisphenomenoncolony-collapse1disorder.Accordingtosurveysofbeekeepersacrossthecountry,25to40percentofthehoneybeesintheUnitedStateshevanishedfromtheirhivessincelastfall.Sofar,noonecanexplainwhy.

Colonycollapseisaseriousconcernbecausebeesplayanimportantroleintheproductionofaboutone-thirdofthefoodsweeat.Astheyfeed,honeybeesspreadpollenfromflowertoflower.Withoutthisprocess,aplantcan'tproduceseedsorfruits.

Now,agroupofscientistsandbeekeepersheteameduptotrytofigureoutwhat'scausingthealarmingcollapseofsomanycolonies.Bysharingtheirexpertiseinhoneybeebehior,health,andnutrition,teammembershopetofindoutwhat'scontributingtothedeclineandtopreventbeedisappearancesinthefuture.

Itcouldbethatdiseaseiscausingthedisappearanceofthebees.Toexplorethatpossibility,JayEvans,aresearcherattheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)BeeResearchLaboratory2,examinesbeestakenfromcoloniesthatarecollapsing."Weknowwhatshealthybeeshouldlooklikeontheinside,andwecanlookforphysicalsignsofdisease,"hesays.Andbeeromcollapsingcoloniesdon'tlookveryhealthy."Theirstomachsareworndown,paredtothestomachsofhealthybees,"Evanssays.Itmaybethataparasiteisdamagingthebees'digestiveans.Theirimmunesystemaynotbeworkingastheyshould.Moreover,theyhehighlevelsofbacteriainsidetheirbodies.

Anothercauseofcolony-collapsedisordermaybecertainchemicalsthatfarmersapplytokillunwantedinsectsoncrops,saysJerryHayes,chiefbeeinspectorfortheFloridaDepartmentofAgriculture3.Somestudies,hesays,suggestthatacertaintypeofinsecticideaffectsthehoneybee'snervoussystem(whichincludesthebrain)andmemory."Itseemslikehoneybeesaregoingoutandgettingconfusedaboutwheretogoandwhattodo,"hesays.

Ifitturnsoutthatadiseaseiscontributingtocolonycollapse,bees'genescouldexplainwhysomecolonieshecollapsedandothershenot.Inanygroupofbeestherearemanydifferentkindsofgenes.Themoredifferentgenesagrouphas,thehigherthegroup'sgeicdiversity.Sofarscientistshen'tdeterminedtheroleofgeicdiversityincolonycollapse,butit'sapromisingtheory,saysEvans.

词汇:

honeybee/(h(n(bi(/n.蜜蜂parasite/(p(r(sa(t/n.寄生虫,寄生生物hive/ha(v/n.蜂巢,蜂箱digestive/da((d(est(v,d((d(est(v/adj.消化的pollen/(p(l(n/n.花粉immune/((mju(n/adj.免疫的beekeeper/(bi((ki(p(/n.养蜂人insecticide/(n(sekt(sa(d/n.杀虫剂expertise/(eksp(((ti:z/n.专门知识,专长diversity/da((v((s(t(/n.多样性

注释:

colony-collapse:群体瘫痪.Colony有"殖民地"的意思,在此意为:agroupofthesamekindofanimals,plants,orone-celledanislivingorgrowingtogether.一群生活或生长在一起的同种动物,植物或单细胞有机体.

theUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)BeeResearchLaboratory:美国农业部蜜蜂研究实验室.

theFloridaDepartmentofAgriculture:佛罗里达农业局.佛罗里达是美国东南部的一个州,濒临大西洋和墨西哥湾.

练习:

Whatisthemysterythatresearcherindhardtoexplain

A)Honeybeesareflyingallacrossthecountry.

B)25-40percentofthehoneybeesintheUShedied.

C)Honeybeesareleingtheirhivesanddonotreturn.

D)Honeybeehivesareindisorder.

2.Whyareresearchersseriouslyconcernedwiththephenomenonofcolony-collapsedisorder


A)Becausehoneybeesproduceone-thirdofthefoodsweeat

B)Becausehoneybeeeedonflowers.

C)Becausehoneybeeseatseedsofflowers.

D)BothBandC.

3.Whatarethepossiblecausesofcolony-collaps

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edisordergivenbythescientists

A)Worseningenvironment.

B)Diseaseandchemicals.

C)Dwindlingnumberofflowersaround.

D)Changesingenes'structures.

4.Accordingtothefifthparagraph,whichofthefollowingaboutbees'genesistrue

A)Bees'genesallowthemtoexpandtheircolonies.

B)Beesgeneshelpkeepthemintheirhives.

C)Beesgeneakethemflyfromflowertoflower.

D)Beesgenescouldexplainthecollapseofsomecolonies.

5.WhatexplanationisgivenbyJerryHayestothephenomenon

A)Farmersapplycertainchemicalstokillunwantedbees.

B)Theinsecticidedestroysthehoneybee'snervoussystem.

C)Theinsecticideaffectsthehoneybee'emory.

D)Alloftheabove.

答案与题解:

1.C短文第一段的第一句和最后一句告诉我们,昆虫学加家正面临一个不可解释的谜.第二句解释了这个谜,给出了答案.

2.A短文第二段的第一句提供了答案.蜜蜂传播花粉能使植物结果,因此为人类提供食物.

3.B第四的开头是Itcouldbethatdiseaseiscausingthedisappearanceofthebees.第五段的开头是Anothercauseofcolony-collapsedisordermaybecertainchemicalsthat等,这是科学家给出的两个可能造成这种现象的原因.

4.D第五段的句子:bees'genescouldexplainwhysomecolonieshecollapsedandothershenot.这是选择D的依据.选项A,B,C的内容文章中都没有出现,所以不是答案.

5.D第五段描述了另一个可能的原因,即,农夫使用的杀虫剂可能破坏了蜜蜂的神经系统和记忆.所以D是正确选择.

13.'Hidden'SpeciesMayBeSurprisinglyCommon()

(替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第四十八篇:ShrinkingWaterSupplyPosesThreattoPeace)

Crypticspecies–animalsthatappearidenticalbutaregeicallyquitedistant–maybemuchmorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought.Thefindingscouldhemajorimplicationsinareasrangingfrombiodiversityestimatesandwildlifemanagement,toourunderstandingofinfectiousdiseasesandevolution.

ReportsofcrypticspeciesheincreaseddramaticallyoverthepasttwodecadeswiththeadventofrelativelyinexpensiveDNAsequencingtechnology.MarkusPfenningerandKlausSchwenk,oftheGoethe-UniversitatinFrankfurt1,Germany,analyzedallknowndataoncrypticanimalspeciesanddiscoveredthattheyarefoundinequalproportionsthroughoutallmajorbranchesoftheanimalkingdomandoccurinequalnumbersinallbiogeographicalregions.

Scientistshadpreviouslyspeculatedthatcrypticspecieswerepredominantlyfoundininsectsandreptiles,andweremorelikelytooccurintropicalratherthantemperateregions."Speciesthatareseeminglywidespreadandabundantcouldinrealitybemanydifferentcrypticspeciesthathelowpopulationsandarehighlyendangered,"saysPfenninger.Untilthegeicinformationofallspeciesinatleastonetaxonisthoroughlystudied,noonewillknowjusthowmanycrypticspeciesexist."Itcouldbeashighas30%,"Pfenningersays.

"I'mextremelysurprisedbytheirresults,"saysAlexSmithoftheUniversityofGuelph2inOntario3,Canada."It'sacalltoarmstokeepdoingthebroadkindofgeicstudiesthatwearedoing."

Samplingaanyindividualsaspossible,scientistshopetopleteworkonallfishandbirdsinanother5to10years.Onceeitherofthesetaxonomicgroupsispleted,Pfenningersaysresearcherswillabletodecidehowmanycrypticspeciesexistthroughouttheanimalkingdom.

ExamplesofcrypticspeciesincludetheAfricanelephant.A2001studyfoundtheelephantswereactuallytwogeicallydistinct,non-interbreedingspecies,theAfricanbushelephantandtheAfricanelephant.Thespeciesarecurrentlylistedasvulnerableandthreatened,respectively,bytheWorldConservationUnion(WCU)4.

Thereclassificationsaremorethananacademicexercise.Theydefinepopulationsthatheevolvedindependentlyofeachotherandwhosegeicdifferencescanhesignificantconsequences.

Intheearly1900isidentificationofmosquitospeciesbasedonmorphologyconfusedattemptstocontrolmalariainEurope.Ultimately,whatwasthoughttobeasinglespecieswasactuallymadeupofsixsiblingspecies,onlythreeofwhichtranittedthedisease."Thebasicunitinbiologyisalwaysthespecies,andyouhetoknowwhatyouaredealingwith,"Pfenningersays.Muchpreviousresearchisnownolongerused,hesays,becauseitisnotclearwhatspecieswasbeingstudied.(428words)

词汇:

cryptic/(kr((pt(k/adj.隐蔽的,隐藏的taxon/(t(ks(n/n.(生物的)分类单元biodiversity/(ba(((da((v((s(t(/n.生物多样性taxonomic/(t(ks((n(m(k/adj.分类(学)的DNA/(di(en(e(/n.脱氧核糖核酸non-interbreeding/(n(n(((nt((bri(d((/adj.非(deoxyribonucleicacid的缩写)杂交繁殖Biogeographical/(ba(((((d(i((((r(f(k(l/adj.生morphology/m(((f(l(d((/n.形态学物地理学的malaria/m((le(r((/n.疟疾reptile/(repta(l/n.爬行动物sibling/(s(bl((/n.同胞,同属temperate/(temp(r(t/adj.(气候)温带的

注释:

1.theGoethe-UniversitatinFrankfurt:德国法兰克福大学,即JohannWolfgangGoethe-UniversitatFrankfurtamMain,位于美因和莱茵两河汇流处的法兰克福.

2.theUniversityofGuelph:圭尔夫大学.该校成立于1964年,是一所公立的综合性大学.在2005年加拿大综合类大学评比中,圭尔夫大学名列第3名,是全加拿大最着名的高等学府之一.

3.Ontario:安大略.加拿大中东部的一个省.

4.theWorldConservationUnion:世界自然保护联盟.全球最大,最重要的自然保护网络机构,它集合了82个国家,111个政府机构,800多个非政府组织以及来自181个国家的约1万多名科学家和专家,形成了世界环保领域里独一无二的全球性合作关系.

练习:

WhichofthefollowingaboutthesignificanceoftheresearchoncrypticspeciesisNOTtrue

A)Theresultsoftheresearchcanhelpthedevelopmentofmanyotherresearchareas.

B)Theresultsoftheresearchcanhelpthedevelopmentofbiodiversityestimates.

C)Theresultsoftheresearchcanhelpourunderstandingofinfectiousdiseaseevolution.

D)Theresultsoftheresearchcanhelpourunderstandingof"survivalofthefittest."

Whatwasscientists'understandingofcrypticspecies

A)Theyoccurredinequalnumbersinallbiogeographicalregions.

B)Theyweremostlyfoundininsectsandreptiles.

C)Theywerelikelytobeintropicalratherthantemperateregions.

D)BothBandC.

3.Doscientistsknowhowmanycrypticspeciesexist

A)Notyet.

B)Yes,theydo.

C)Theywillknowtheanswerinanotheroneortwoyears.

D)Theywillneverknowtheanswer.

4.WhichofthefollowingabouttheAfricanbushelephantandtheAfricanelephantistrue

A)TheWCUareinterbreedingthoseelephants.

B)Theyareinterbreedingspecies.

C)Theyaretwogeicallydistantspecies.

D)Theydependoneachotherforsurvival.

5.PeoplewereconfusedintheirattemptstocontrolmalariainEuropeintheearly1900s,becausescientists

A)identifiedonlyonemosquitospeciesinsteadofsixspecies.

B)thoughtonlythreemosquitospeciestranitteddisease.

C)thoughttherewasonlyonemosquitospecies.

D)didnotknowwhatspecieswasbeingstudied.

答案与题解:

1.D短文的第一段第二句的大意是,研究结果为广泛的研究领域提供启示,包括生物多样性研究,还能帮助我们理解传染疾病及其演变.所以,选项A,B,C都是正确的,它们不是答案.选项D的"适者生存"的内容文章中没有提及,因此是本题的答案.

2.D短文的第二段第二句描述的是科学家目前的研究结果,第三段描述的是科学家在这之前对于crypticspecies的理解.本题用的是过去式,问的是过去的状况,因此,答案在第三段中,B和C是答案,所以D是正确选择.

3.A第三段和第五段提供了答案.第三段的最后一句中的Until等,noonewillknowjusthowmanycrypticspeciesexist.其意思就是人们目前还不了解.第五段的最后一句也说明了研究者目前对此尚未了解.

4.C答案在第六段中.该段举了非洲大象为例,说明什么是crypticspecies.第六段的句子"A2001studyfoundtheelephantswereactuallytwogeicallydistinct,non-interbreedingspecies"是选择C的依据.选项A不对,theWCU并没有杂交繁殖这两种象.选项B不对,短文说这两种象是非杂交物种.选项D的内容短文中找不到.

5.A短文最后一段告诉我们,由于对蚊子种类不了解,20世纪初期疟疾曾肆虐欧洲,最终,科学家才了解到蚊子这一物种不是由一个种类而是由六个种类组成.所以,应该选择A.

第四篇C

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ompactDisks

1IfsomeonesaystoyouyourmusicCDsdon'treallyholdanymusiconthem,andtheyonlyhenumbersrecordedonthem,youmaynotbelieveit.Infact,heisrightinthatsoundisactuallyrecordedontotheCDsasspecialnumbers–adigitalcode1.ThecodeispressedontotheCDasbumpsonalongspiraltrackalmostfivekilometerslong.Thesebumpsareanerageof0.5micronswide

2AalllaserbeamshinesontothebumpsastheCDturns.Thelightisreflectedbacktoareceiverthatrecordshowthelaserlightbouncesback.ThisletstheCDplayer2turnthereflectedlightbackintotheoriginalcode.Thieansyoucanheartheoriginalcodeausic.

3Digitalcodesareusedwithmanytechnologies.E-mailneedsthesekindsofcodenumbers.Spaceprobeunicatewiththeirgroundstationonearthusingdigitalcodes.Barcodesarereadasdigitalcodesinputersystems.Digitalmunicationswithcellphonesneeddigitalcodes.Weatherradiosalsotuneintospecificsignalsusingthesecodes.

4Therearemanytypesofpactdisks.OneformatiscalledCD-RWs.Theycanberecordedonandre-recordedon(rewrittenon)asyouwoulddowithafloppydisk3.AnotherformatistheCD-ROM.ThetechnologyforrecordingonthesedisksisdifferentfromotherCDs.TheseCDsheadyelayerthattheCDwritercandarkenorleeclear.Theclearanddarkspotsarethedigitalcode.CD-ROMstandorCompactDisc-ReadOnlyMemory4.Thisdiskislikea"super"floppydiskthatcanholdlotsofinformation.OneCD-ROMcanholdthesameamountofdataas500floppydisks.Informationispermanentlyrecordedontoit.ComputergamesandotherprogramsareconsideredtobeCD-ROMs.

5CDswerefirstsoldtothepublicin1982.TheseCDsstillplaywellandsoundfine.CurrentCDsareexpectedtolastbetween70to200years.Ofcourse,youcanmakesureyourCDslastalongtimebytakingcareofthem.

6Sciencekeepsondeveloping.Itmaynotbemanymoreyearsbeforeapletelynewtechnologyisinvented5andintroducedtothepublicformusicrecording.Inthemeantime,thereisnodoubtyouwillcontinuetoenjoylisteningtoyourforitemusiconCDs6andplayingyourforiteputergamesonCD-ROMs.

词汇:

bump/b(mp/n.隆块,隆起floppydisk软(磁)盘spiral/(spa((r(l/adj.螺旋形的format/(f(m(t/n.格式probe/(pr((b/n.探测器dye/da(/n.染色floppy/(fl(p(/adj.松软的Permanently/(p(:m(n(ntl(/adv.永久地

注释:

1.heisrightinthatsoundisactuallyrecordedontotheCDsasspecialnumbers–adigitalcode:他说的对,因为实际上声音以特殊的数字的形式,即数码,刻录在CD碟片上.inthat是"因为",如:

Waterisessentialinthatwithoutitalllivingthingswoulddie.

(水是基本要素,因为没有水,所有生物都要死亡.)2.CDplayer:CD播放机3.asyouwoulddowithafloppydisk:就象你使用软磁盘一样4.CD-ROMstandorCompactDisc-ReadOnlyMemory:CD-ROM是CompactDisc-ReadOnlyMemory这五个词首字母的组成的缩写词.5.Itmaynotbemanymoreyearsbeforeapletelynewtechnologyisinvented:过不了几年,说不定又会发明一种全新的技术等.manymoreyears是"再过许多年".6."thereisnodoubtyouwillcontinuetoenjoylisteningtoyourforitemusiconCDs"语法上可以理解为"thereisnodoubt(aboutthefactthat)youwillcontinuetoenjoylisteningtoyourforitemusiconCDs".

练习:

1.Paragraphs1&,2ADigitalcodehaswideapplications.2.Paragraph3BFloppydisksareoutdated.3.Paragraph4CCDsaredurable.4.Paragraph5DCD'sworkingprincipleisexplained.ECD-RWsplaybetterthanCD-ROMs.FCDsareofmanyformats.

5.OneadvantageofCD-RWsisthattheycan__________likefloppydisks.6.Theauthorpredictsitwillnot__________beforeanewtechnologyisinventedformusicrecording.7.Thelaserbeam-emittingdeviceandthereceiverareconsideredto__________ofaCDplayer.8.Spaceprobescouldnot__________withoutusingdigitalcodes.

AshineonbumpsBtakemanymoreyearsCbethekeypartsDrestoretheoriginalcodeEbewrittenonandrewrittenonFkeepcontactwiththeirgroundstationefficiently

答案与题解:

1.D第一,二段介绍了CD的工作原理.声音以数码的形式刻录到CD碟片上.要回听声音,就得用CD放音机,CD机用激光照射CD,接收器收和分析从CD反射回来的激光波,还原为原来的数码,再转换为原来的声音.所以,D是答案.2.A第三段第一句{"Digitalcodesareusedwithmanytechnologies.")是主题句.本段其它句子提供例证,即应用领域.作者例举了5个领域:电邮,航天通讯,条码,手机和天气预报.选项A的"Digitalcodehaswideapplications"与主题句的意思完全吻合,所以是答案.3.F第四段第一句("Therearemanytypesofpactdisks"}是主题句.本段其它句子列举了两种常用的CD格式(format),一种是CD-RW,另一种是CD-ROM.选项F的"CDsareofmanyformats"概括了本段的大意,是答案.4.C第五段说的是CD碟片经久耐用,1982年上市的CD碟片至今还能使用,其音质依旧.现在上市的CD,更加耐用,如果使用得当,其寿命可达70-200年.选项C用了durable予以概括是很恰当的,所以,C是答案.5.E第四段中出现CD-RW这个词,介绍了"Theycanberecordedonandre-recordedon(rewrittenon).这就是选E的依据.6.B第六段能找到与答案有关的句子,即Itmaynotbemanymoreyearsbeforeapletelynewtechnologyisinventedandintroducedtothepublicformusicrecording.7.C第二段说到在CD机上还原数码时依靠的是激光发射装置和接收器.由此我们可以推论出激光发射器和接收器是CD机的主要部件.所以C是答案.8.F第三段第三句("Spaceprobeunicatewiththeirgroundstationonearthusingdigitalcodes")是选F的依据.

第十一篇TheTiniestElectricMotorintheWorld

1.Scientistsrecentlymadepublicthetiniestelectricmotorever1built.Youcouldstuffhundredsofthemintotheperiodattheendofthissentence.Onedayasimilarenginemightpoweratinymechanicaldoctorthatwouldtrelthroughyourbodytoremoveyourdisease.

2.Themotorworksbyshufflingatomsbetweentwomoltenmetaldropletsinacarbonnanotube.Onedropletisevenallerthantheother.Whenaallelectriccurrentisappliedtothedroplets,atomsslowlygetoutofthelargerdropletandjointheallerone.Thealldropletgrows–butnevergetsasbigastheotherdroplet–andeventuallybumpsintothelargedroplet.Astheytouch,thelargedropletrapidlysopsuptheatomsithadpreviouslylost.Thisquickshiftinenergyproducesapowerstroke2.

3.Thetechniqueexploitsthefactthatsurfacetension--thetendencyofatomsormoleculestoresistseparating--beeoreimportantatallscales3.Surfacetensionisthesamethingthatallowssomeinsectstowalkonwater.

4.Althoughtheamountofenergyproducedisall--20microwatts--itisquiteimpressiveinrelationtothetinyscaleofthemotor4.Thewholesetup5islessthan200nanometersonaside,orhundredsoftimesallerthanthewidthofahumanhair.Ifitcouldbescaleduptothesizeofanautomobileengine6,itwouldbe100milliontimeorepowerfulthanaToyotaCamry's225horsepowerV6engine.

5.In1988,ProfessorRichardMullerandcolleagueadethefirstoperatingmicromotor,whichwas100micronsacross7,oraboutthethicknessofahumanhair.In2003,Zettl'sgroupcreatedthefirstnanoscalemotor.In2006,theybuiltananoconveyor,whichmovestinyparticlesalonglikecarsinafactory.

6.Nanotechnologyengineerstrytomimicnature,buildingthingsatom-by-atom.Amongotherthings,nanomotorscouldbeusedinopticalcircuitstoredirectlight,aprocesscalledopticalswitching.Futuristsenvisionaday

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